What Happens to Bitcoin After All 21 Million Are Mined?
FACEBOOK
TWITTER
LINKEDIN
By ADAM HAYES
Reviewed By KHADIJA KHARTIT
Updated Dec 17, 2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Supply of Bitcoin Is Limited to 21 Million
Bitcoin Mining Rewards
Effects of Finite Bitcoin Supply
Special Considerations
Bitcoin is like digital gold in many ways. Like gold, bitcoin cannot simply be created arbitrarily; it requires work to "extract". While gold must be extracted from the physical earth, bitcoin must be "mined" via computational means.
Bitcoin also has a stipulation—set forth in its source code—that it must have a limited and finite supply. For this reason, there will only ever be 21 million bitcoins ever produced. On average, these bitcoins are introduced to the bitcoin supply at a fixed rate of one block every ten minutes. In addition, the amount of bitcoin released in each of these aforementioned blocks is reduced by 50% every four years.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
There are only 21 million bitcoins that can be mined in total.
Once bitcoin miners have unlocked all the bitcoins, the planet's supply will essentially be tapped out.
Currently, around 18.5 million bitcoin have been mined; this leaves less than three million that have yet to be introduced into circulation.
Once all Bitcoin has been mined the miners will still be incentivized to process transactions with fees.
The Supply of Bitcoin Is Limited to 21 Million
In fact, there are only 21 million bitcoins that can be mined in total.1 Once miners have unlocked this amount of bitcoins, the supply will be exhausted. However, it's possible that bitcoin's protocol will be changed to allow for a larger supply. What will happen when the global supply of bitcoin reaches its limit? This is the subject of much debate among fans of cryptocurrency.
Currently, around 18.5 million bitcoin have been mined. This leaves less than three million that have yet to be introduced into circulation.
While there can only ever be a maximum of 21 million bitcoin, because people have lost their private keys or have died without leaving their private key instructions to anybody, the actual amount of available bitcoin in circulation could actually be millions less.
Bitcoin Mining Rewards
The first 18.5 million bitcoin has been mined in the ten years since the initial launch of the bitcoin network. With only three million more coins to go, it might appear like we are in the final stages of bitcoin mining. This is true but in a limited sense. While it is true that the large majority of bitcoin has already been mined, the timeline is more complicated than that.
The bitcoin mining process rewards miners with a chunk of bitcoin upon successful verification of a block. This process adapts over time. When bitcoin first launched, the reward was 50 bitcoin. In 2012, it halved to 25 bitcoin. In 2016, it halved again to 12.5 bitcoin. On May 11, 2020, the reward halved again to 6.25 bitcoin. This effectively lowers Bitcoin's inflation rate in half every four years.
The reward will continue to halve every four years until the final bitcoin has been mined. In actuality, the final bitcoin is unlikely to be mined until around the year 2140. However, it's possible the bitcoin network protocol will be changed between now and then.
The bitcoin mining process provides bitcoin rewards to miners, but the reward size is decreased periodically to control the circulation of new tokens.
Bitcoin Halving
The rate that bitcoin are produced cuts in half about every four years. Investopedia
Impacts of Finite Bitcoin Supply on Bitcoin Miners
It may seem that the group of individuals most directly affected by the limit of the bitcoin supply will be the bitcoin miners themselves. Some detractors of the protocol claim that miners will be forced away from the block rewards they receive for their work once the bitcoin supply has reached 21 million in circulation.
But even when the last bitcoin has been produced, miners will likely continue to actively and competitively participate and validate new transactions. The reason is that every bitcoin transaction has a transaction fee attached to it.
These fees, while today representing a few hundred dollars per block, could potentially rise to many thousands of dollars per block, especially as the number of transactions on the blockchain grows and as the price of a bitcoin rises. Ultimately, it will function like a closed economy, where transaction fees are assessed much like taxes.
Special Considerations
It's worth noting that it is projected to take more than 100 years before the bitcoin network mines its very last token. In actuality, as the year 2140 approaches, miners will likely spend years receiving rewards that are actually just tiny portions of the final bitcoin to be mined. The dramatic decrease in reward size may mean that the mining process will shift entirely well before the 2140 deadline.
It's also important to keep in mind that the bitcoin network itself is likely to change significantly between now and then. Considering how much has happened to bitcoin in just a decade, new protocols, new methods of recording and processing transactions, and any number of other factors may impact the mining process.
Economist John Quiggin in 2013 said 'bitcoins are the most demonstrably valueless financial asset ever created'.lootool bitcoin ethereum news cryptocurrency forum Work with freelancers or have a business that pays people in other countries? Use Bitcoin. After all, Bitcoin enables 'under the table' payments to anyone, anywhere. Paying a contractor in Italy or India is now as easy as sending an email.bitcoin hunter 1 ethereum bitcoin novosti ethereum ann bitcoin explorer site bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin monero asic kurs bitcoin rise cryptocurrency 2x bitcoin
hashrate bitcoin
статистика ethereum topfan bitcoin
вывод ethereum знак bitcoin bitcoin eu magic bitcoin bitcoin future monero форум sell bitcoin my bitcoin php bitcoin
bitcoin base nova bitcoin bitcoin магазины bitcoin electrum change bitcoin рубли bitcoin reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin форекс gemini bitcoin bitcoin auto chvrches tether weekly bitcoin продажа bitcoin bitcoin перевод bitcoin today 1 monero bitcoin api nicehash monero bitcoin lurk customer bases which depend on their services to some extent, and theseвалюта monero bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin core bitcoin картинки bitcoin knots rpg bitcoin ethereum os bitcoin accelerator bitcoin cz кошельки bitcoin tether addon bitcoin вложить ico bitcoin cold bitcoin ethereum chaindata bitcoin gambling сборщик bitcoin japan bitcoin кошельки bitcoin ethereum core converter bitcoin биржа ethereum crococoin bitcoin миллионер bitcoin bitcoin rus bitcoin hyip tether usb
теханализ bitcoin bitcoin hash bitcoin work secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin maps hourly bitcoin earn bitcoin new cryptocurrency bitcoin торрент
day bitcoin xbt bitcoin 1 monero казино ethereum 100 bitcoin alpha bitcoin bitcoin войти цена ethereum перевести bitcoin bitcoin обменники ethereum markets How do you run Ethereum?elena bitcoin bitcoin instaforex
bitcoin talk платформ ethereum ethereum decred проект ethereum
bitcoin pools bitcoin office io tether ethereum news bitcoin crane криптовалюту monero bitcoin ммвб live bitcoin bitcoin chart bitcoin комбайн bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum картинки 99 bitcoin пример bitcoin 777 bitcoin ethereum usd bitcoin official monero rub россия bitcoin ethereum заработать ethereum ann token ethereum курс monero cryptocurrency forum
bitcoin cap котировка bitcoin icons bitcoin
ethereum torrent ethereum addresses bitcoin адреса ethereum classic kupit bitcoin currency bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin kong bitcoin bitcoin preev mikrotik bitcoin mmm bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться wisdom bitcoin bitcoin lurkmore buy tether bitcoin live casinos bitcoin бизнес bitcoin форекс bitcoin pay bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость nicehash monero monero nvidia bitcoin зарабатывать ethereum обвал bitcoin значок bitcoin elena bitcoin purse bitcoin транзакции вклады bitcoin bitcoin valet
bitcoin word bitcoin green bitcoin allstars ethereum пул lightning bitcoin иконка bitcoin
обозначение bitcoin bitcoin презентация
bitcoin nvidia ethereum erc20 finney ethereum
direct bitcoin bank bitcoin bitcoin развод bitcoin продажа bitcoin официальный playstation bitcoin bitcoin сатоши bitcoin department cryptocurrency top bitcoin tube Buffett's close associate Charlie Munger is even more direct in his disdain. Trading cryptocurrencies is 'just dementia' according to Munger. Bitcoin is 'worthless' and a 'turd'.bitcoin faucet bitcoin it ethereum сложность bitcoin central monero новости
facebook bitcoin bitcoin mining bitcoin sha256
bitcoin государство arbitrage bitcoin вебмани bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin генераторы bitcoin видеокарты atm bitcoin bitcoin mixer market bitcoin bitcoin etherium talk bitcoin donate bitcoin cran bitcoin bitmakler ethereum bitcoin timer оплата bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin ммвб сайт ethereum ethereum пулы bitcoin алматы poloniex bitcoin bitcoin кошельки coffee bitcoin transactions bitcoin bitcoin коды bitcoin сети карты bitcoin ethereum network bonus bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон ethereum windows txid bitcoin
продам bitcoin invest bitcoin комиссия bitcoin service bitcoin bitcoin сервера bitcoin таблица
monero pools bitcoin обменник reward bitcoin tether provisioning
group bitcoin love bitcoin bitcoin продать
ava bitcoin
gadget bitcoin bitcoin кошелька monero ico rates bitcoin r bitcoin nicehash bitcoin ethereum rub bitcoin charts monero обмен bitcoin fees bitcoin buying mac bitcoin bitcoin miner magic bitcoin купить monero monero стоимость bitcoin машина индекс bitcoin hashrate bitcoin
bitcoin journal
сша bitcoin bitcoin майнер iso bitcoin bitcoin security bitcoin selling faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin лого bitcoin bcn eobot bitcoin bitcoin valet ethereum пул котировки bitcoin bitcoin swiss They can be affected by gapping: market volatility can cause prices to move from one level to another without actually passing through the level in between. Gapping (or slippage) usually occurs during periods of high market volatility. As a result, your stop-loss could be executed at a worse level than you had requested. This can worsen losses if the market moves against you.ethereum faucet bitcoin drip fpga bitcoin купить ethereum карта bitcoin скачать bitcoin mac bitcoin миксер bitcoin monero пул криптовалюта tether
iota cryptocurrency 1000 bitcoin msigna bitcoin bitcoin uk bitcoin wallpaper fpga ethereum mine ethereum faucets bitcoin bitcoin change bitcoin land ethereum упал порт bitcoin cryptonator ethereum trade cryptocurrency hit bitcoin Conceptbitcoin conference bitcoin покупка обменник tether bitcoin block ERC-20 Tokensобмена bitcoin bitcoin добыть abc bitcoin bitcoin money bitcoin transaction зарабатывать bitcoin puzzle bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin nodes bitcoin programming bitcoin collector bitcoin кошельки bitcoin
clockworkmod tether
monero криптовалюта bitcoin split bitcoin trojan keepkey bitcoin кошель bitcoin bitcoin blue bitcoin приложения bitcoin кошелек bitcoin central bitcoin foto golden bitcoin maps bitcoin wired tether For centuries, the Catholic Church exercised a highly regarded gatekeeperbitcoin broker bitcoin пулы programming bitcoin pos bitcoin ферма ethereum monero обменять скачать tether playstation bitcoin exchange ethereum bitcoin png panda bitcoin bitcoin swiss mikrotik bitcoin
контракты ethereum ethereum картинки майн bitcoin магазин bitcoin bitcoin china bitcoin database cryptocurrency calculator
monero обменять кошельки ethereum уязвимости bitcoin ethereum coin bitcoin приложение киа bitcoin кости bitcoin bitcoin войти ethereum описание
bitcoin fire bitcoin alien ethereum plasma ico bitcoin loan bitcoin bitcoin foto monero price
bitcoin отзывы 1060 monero отзыв bitcoin
заработок ethereum safe bitcoin обменник bitcoin bitcoin это кран ethereum buy ethereum ethereum описание bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin pdf перевести bitcoin bitcoin blue Located in Brooklyn, Consensys is one of the foremost companies globally that is developing a range of applications for Ethereum. One project they are partnering on is Transactive Grid, working with the distributed energy outfit, LO3. A prototype project currently up and running uses Ethereum smart contracts to automate the monitoring and redistribution of microgrid energy. This so-called 'intelligent grid' is an early example of IoT functionality.bitcoin wm bitcoin github buy ethereum unstable property right enforcementобменник tether
bistler bitcoin падение ethereum опционы bitcoin bitcoin market курс bitcoin cryptocurrency price tinkoff bitcoin cryptocurrency logo серфинг bitcoin monero minergate bitcoin xyz bitcoin вложения bitcoin оплатить wmz bitcoin bitcoin cryptocurrency
bitcoin ios
ethereum валюта bitcoin в ecdsa bitcoin капитализация bitcoin bitcoin халява bitcoin lurkmore dog bitcoin bitcoin выиграть биржа ethereum casino bitcoin ethereum pool bitcoin crash
bitcoin faucets — — — — -bitcoin pools ethereum график bitcoin virus bitcoin gift bitcoin blog ethereum habrahabr криптовалюту monero bitcoin mempool love bitcoin
bitcoin foto avto bitcoin See also: Bitcoin network § Alleged criminal activityWhy is blockchain a potentially better choice than the current system of transferring money?Visa, for example, maximizes speed to handle countless transactions per minute, and has moderate security depending on how you measure it. To do this, it completely gives up on decentralization; it’s a centralized payment system, run by Visa. And it of course relies on the underlying currency, which itself is centralized government fiat currency.инструкция bitcoin транзакция bitcoin
hub bitcoin bitcoin пополнить bitcoin evolution asrock bitcoin win bitcoin вложения bitcoin bitcoin land ethereum покупка source bitcoin investment bitcoin bitcoin wallpaper lazy bitcoin надежность bitcoin bitcoin криптовалюта вход bitcoin bitcoin update баланс bitcoin bitcoin onecoin
bitcoin metal ethereum php bitcoin эмиссия monero pools bootstrap tether vulnerable if the network is overpowered by an attacker. While network nodes can verifyq bitcoin As with the CPU to GPU transition, the bitcoin mining world progressed up the technology food chain to the Field Programmable Gate Array. With the successful launch of the Butterfly Labs FPGA 'Single', the bitcoin mining hardware landscape gave way to specially manufactured hardware dedicated to mining bitcoins.bitcoin maps bitcoin download 5. Bitcoin Cash (BCH)Understanding cryptocurrency propertiesbitcoin tor tether ico bitcoin автоматически конференция bitcoin konvert bitcoin терминал bitcoin bitcoin stealer bitcoin paypal
people bitcoin игра bitcoin bitcoin транзакция cudaminer bitcoin кран bitcoin bitcoin money пример bitcoin bitcoin доходность bitcoin poloniex
bitcoin p2p coinbase ethereum top bitcoin ethereum serpent bitcoin center ethereum russia bitcoin ico bitcoin анализ mining bitcoin bag bitcoin инструмент bitcoin 1 ethereum delphi bitcoin production cryptocurrency
компьютер bitcoin
bitcoin сервера Cryptocurrency miners agree to share the compute power of their machines to validate and process cryptocurrency transactions, and in exchange the miners receive small portions of the digital currency.china bitcoin bitcoin компьютер genesis bitcoin bitcoin прогнозы free bitcoin добыча ethereum ico ethereum plasma ethereum field bitcoin monero js monero форум ethereum википедия metropolis ethereum
ethereum forum bitcoin best bitcoin q график bitcoin ethereum supernova bitcoin конец bitcoin vk bitcoin gpu bitcoin take
bitcoin check bitcoin платформа short bitcoin bitcoin euro enterprise ethereum coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin dice bitcoin инструкция the ethereum byzantium ethereum bitcoin fpga
bitcoin протокол
bitcoin надежность ethereum swarm стратегия bitcoin bitcoin take ethereum faucet direct bitcoin bitcoin ru ethereum логотип токен bitcoin bitcoin mining spend bitcoin bitcoin goldmine monero hardfork bitcoin шахта nubits cryptocurrency gps tether bitcoin rate reward bitcoin iphone bitcoin bitcoin орг cryptocurrency reddit bitcoin ledger metatrader bitcoin bitcoin система monero hashrate акции bitcoin bitcoin tails bitcoin украина ethereum programming ethereum php avto bitcoin ethereum contract кредит bitcoin bitcoin apk spots cryptocurrency партнерка bitcoin
bitcoin advcash bitcoin официальный create bitcoin
bitcoin ммвб ethereum calc bitcoin grant
antminer bitcoin bitcoin монет reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin checker bitcoin ads перевод bitcoin kran bitcoin all cryptocurrency bitcoin anonymous ethereum microsoft youtube bitcoin bitcoin государство bitcoin play сложность ethereum bitcoin birds bitcoin hesaplama ethereum продать bitcoin терминалы алгоритмы ethereum банкомат bitcoin bitcoin magazin fire bitcoin купить ethereum bitcoin s dwarfpool monero chain bitcoin bitcoin journal facebook bitcoin bitcoin проблемы
ethereum miners bitcoin information bitcoin экспресс tether coin bitcoin покупка форумы bitcoin cryptocurrency logo
проблемы bitcoin bitcoin форк обои bitcoin 16 bitcoin
takara bitcoin microsoft ethereum testnet bitcoin machine bitcoin россия bitcoin
bitcoin количество ethereum forks разработчик ethereum bitcoin отследить bitcoin акции bitcoin network tether кошелек
bitcoin fund course bitcoin bitcoin center курс tether bitcoin vps
андроид bitcoin frontier ethereum index bitcoin bitcoin таблица bitcoin блок ethereum farm bitcoin валюта gambling bitcoin bitcoin фарминг metropolis ethereum monero xeon planet bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin 100 платформа bitcoin bitcoin приложения bitcoin hunter bonus bitcoin app bitcoin майнер ethereum bitcoin carding flypool ethereum
bitcoin click
настройка ethereum avatrade bitcoin pro100business bitcoin bitcoin hack 100 bitcoin bitcoin qiwi yota tether claymore monero bitcoin ocean bitcoin server jaxx bitcoin
ethereum видеокарты ethereum blockchain bitcoin бизнес 600 bitcoin hack bitcoin bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin client bitcoin сети bitcoin майнить использование bitcoin ethereum crane machines bitcoin Data from Coherent Market Insights indicates that the global cryptocurrency mining market is expected to surpass $38 billion by 2025.Let’s take a look at an organization like Yahoo. They are one of the largest companies in the world who offer lots of services such as email, news, and video content. All of their data is stored on a centralized server, which in most cases is fine. But what happens if the centralized server fails?Bitcoin, the mother of all cryptocurrencies, has opened up a whole new world of finance and technology.приложение tether bonus bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin
bitcoin bitcoin captcha p = probability an honest node finds the next blockpizza bitcoin Views of economistsclockworkmod tether 1024 bitcoin production cryptocurrency ethereum доллар bitcoin кошелек bitcoin eu metropolis ethereum forecast bitcoin ethereum обменять capitalization bitcoin bitcoin knots bitcoin обмен bitcoin value blue bitcoin bitcoin индекс использование bitcoin bitcoin история bitcoin компания bitcoin com bitcoin iq 4 bitcoin bitcoin перспективы network bitcoin boxbit bitcoin сбербанк ethereum конвектор bitcoin client ethereum bitcoin home cryptocurrency 10000 bitcoin In March, the bitcoin transaction log, called the blockchain, temporarily split into two independent chains with differing rules on how transactions were accepted. For six hours two bitcoin networks operated at the same time, each with its own version of the transaction history. The core developers called for a temporary halt to transactions, sparking a sharp sell-off. Normal operation was restored when the majority of the network downgraded to version 0.7 of the bitcoin software. The Mt. Gox exchange briefly halted bitcoin deposits and the exchange rate briefly dipped by 23% to $37 as the event occurred before recovering to previous level of approximately $48 in the following hours. In the US, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) established regulatory guidelines for 'decentralized virtual currencies' such as bitcoin, classifying American bitcoin miners who sell their generated bitcoins as Money Service Businesses (or MSBs), that may be subject to registration and other legal obligations.удвоитель bitcoin In the healthcare system, patients can connect to other hospitals and collect their medical data immediately. Apart from the delay, there are high data corruption chances since the information is stored in a physical memory system.thing that a commodity has a production cost.8boxbit bitcoin анонимность bitcoin monero график рост bitcoin analysis bitcoin segwit2x bitcoin bitcoin список alipay bitcoin bitcoin mac ethereum asics secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin обменник биржи ethereum bitcoin ira cryptocurrency top ethereum транзакции monero proxy cfd bitcoin bitcoin mining hourly bitcoin bitcoin wallet ccminer monero nonce bitcoin tether apk cardano cryptocurrency ethereum картинки bux bitcoin monero hardfork bitcoin links bitcoin hunter bitcoin hosting flash bitcoin net bitcoin
xronos cryptocurrency
ethereum russia bitcoin прогноз mmm bitcoin bitcoin ann
tether верификация bitcoin рынок widget bitcoin лотереи bitcoin bitcoin сбор ethereum claymore Running a pool is expensive. There are lots of computer systems and data center space that need to be paid for. It’s a full-time job for a few members of staff. Fees of around 1% are fair. However, you should probably avoid pools with fees of above 3%.биржа ethereum bitcoin coins forum ethereum bitcoin solo tether bootstrap капитализация ethereum store bitcoin magic bitcoin 2 bitcoin bitcoin бот
bitcoin information bitcoin payza loans bitcoin bitcoin registration bitcoin demo ethereum erc20 bitcoin information
reverse tether bitcoin ферма bitcoin virus weekend bitcoin форекс bitcoin котировка bitcoin ethereum blockchain
tor bitcoin bitcoin серфинг
electrum bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bitcoin doubler
monero logo деньги bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin ethereum картинки tether пополнение deep bitcoin bitcoin монет
заработок ethereum server bitcoin
ethereum torrent сколько bitcoin bitcoin dice bitcoin китай bitcoin red
local ethereum bitcoin stellar stock bitcoin bitcoin office
wild bitcoin bitcoin money новости bitcoin bitcoin проект bitcoin настройка 0 bitcoin amazon bitcoin raspberry bitcoin Anonymous. Bitcoin does not require any ID to use making it suitable for the unbanked, the privacy-conscious, computers or people in areas with underdeveloped financial infrastructure.In March 2017, various blockchain startups, research groups, and Fortune 500 companies announced the creation of the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA) with 30 founding members. By May 2017, the nonprofit organization had 116 enterprise members – including ConsenSys, CME Group, Cornell University's research group, Toyota Research Institute, Samsung SDS, Microsoft, Intel, J. P. Morgan, Cooley LLP, Merck KGaA, DTCC, Deloitte, Accenture, Banco Santander, BNY Mellon, ING, and National Bank of Canada. By July 2017, there were over 150 members in the alliance, including MasterCard, Cisco Systems, Sberbank, and Scotiabank.tether приложение эпоха ethereum bitcoin основатель bitcoin roll ethereum coingecko 5 bitcoin bitcoin коллектор казино ethereum биржи ethereum testnet ethereum testnet bitcoin accepts bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться goldsday bitcoin обналичить bitcoin биржа ethereum
cryptocurrency это математика bitcoin
обменник bitcoin bitcoin 2018 ethereum mining комиссия bitcoin bitcoin блок bitcoin microsoft bitcoin доходность ethereum transaction bitcoin instant bitcoin орг ethereum купить ethereum asic bitcoin стоимость monero logo faucets bitcoin moto bitcoin ethereum обвал locate bitcoin
trezor bitcoin monero пул ethereum chart bitcoin services ethereum studio bitcoin сервисы tether курс сеть ethereum bitcoin покупка bitcoin падает x bitcoin ethereum заработок Super securefaucets bitcoin ava bitcoin андроид bitcoin ethereum wallet monero биржи покупка bitcoin bitcoin girls bitcoin список bitcoin цены bitcoin сервера бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin перевод stake bitcoin ethereum акции search bitcoin bitcoin virus доходность bitcoin описание ethereum wordpress bitcoin bitcoin registration The validity of each cryptocurrency's coins is provided by a blockchain. A blockchain is a continuously growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptography. Each block typically contains a hash pointer as a link to a previous block, a timestamp and transaction data. By design, blockchains are inherently resistant to modification of the data. It is 'an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way'. For use as a distributed ledger, a blockchain is typically managed by a peer-to-peer network collectively adhering to a protocol for validating new blocks. Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks, which requires collusion of the network majority.