Governance
Summary
Blockchains are distributed systems. They are essentially consensus protocols, which means that different nodes in the network (e.g. computers on the internet) have to be running compatible software.
“Node operators” are the owners and managers of nodes that run the protocol. Most node operators don’t want to write much software, and it’s a technical challenge for anyone to independently write compatible implementations of any consensus protocol even if they have a specification. As a result, node operators rely on software repositories (usually hosted on Microsoft/Github servers) to provide them with the software they choose to run.
“Core developers” of a blockchain are software developers who work on the software that implement that protocol. Developers have processes that are supposed to assure the quality of the software they release, and are generally very interested in maintaining the legitimacy of their software repositories because they want to see people using their software (as opposed to someone else’s).
Critical Components of Governance
1. Incentives
Each group in the system has their own incentives. Those incentives are not always 100% aligned with all other groups in the system. Groups will propose changes over time which are advantageous for them. Organisms are biased towards their own survival. This commonly manifests in changes to the reward structure, monetary policy, or balances of power.
2. Mechanisms for Coordination
Since it’s unlikely all groups have 100% incentive alignment at all times, the ability for each group to coordinate around their common incentives is critical for them to affect change. If one group can coordinate better than another, it creates power imbalances in their favor.
In practice, a major factor is how much coordination can be done on-chain vs. off-chain, where on-chain coordination makes coordinating easier. In some new blockchains (such as Tezos or Polkadot), on-chain coordination allows the rules or even the ledger history itself to be changed.
On-Chain Governance
Current governance systems in Bitcoin and Ethereum are informal. They were designed using a decentralized ethos, first promulgated by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original paper. Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
What is on-chain governance?
On-chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains. In this type of governance, rules for instituting changes are encoded into the blockchain protocol. Developers propose changes through code updates and each node votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change.
How does it work?
Unlike informal governance systems, which use a combination of offline coordination and online code modifications to effect changes, on-chain governance systems solely work online. Changes to a blockchain are proposed through code updates. Subsequently, nodes can vote to accept or decline the change. Not all nodes have equal voting power. Nodes with greater holdings of coins have more votes as compared to nodes that have a relatively lesser number of holdings.
If the change is accepted, it is included in the blockchain and baselined. In some instances of on-chain governance implementation, the updated code may be rolled back to its version before a baseline, if the proposed change is unsuccessful.
Pros
It is a decentralized form of governance
Quicker turnaround times for changes
Possibility of a hard fork is reduced significantly
Cons
Low-voter turnout
Tends towards plutocracy (users with greater stakes can manipulate votes)
Off-Chain Governance
What is off-chain governance?
Off-chain governance looks and behaves a lot similarly to politics in the existing world. Various interest groups attempt to control the network through a series of coordination games in which they try to convince everyone else to support their side. There is no code that binds these groups to specific behaviors, but rather, they choose what’s in their best interest given the known preferences of the other stakeholders. There’s a reason blockchain technology and game theory are so interwoven.
How does it work?
Improvement proposals to make changes to the blockchain are submitted by developers and a core group, consisting mostly of developers, is responsible for coordinating and achieving consensus between stakeholders. The stakeholders in this case are miners (who operate nodes), developers (who are responsible for core blockchain algorithms) and users (who use and invest in various coins).
The various stakeholders signal their approval or disapproval for an improvement proposal through private and community discourse. Then, the core developers get a sense for whether or not node operators and miners will agree to upgrade their software. Ideally, all sides agree and the code changes are made smoothly. Everything is announced beforehand and stakeholders have time to update.
In the case of disagreement, stakeholders have two options. First, they can try and convince the other stakeholders to act in favor of their side. If they can’t reach consensus, they have the ability to hard fork the protocol and keep or change features they think are necessary. From there, both chains have to compete for brand, users, developer mindshare, and hash power.
metropolis ethereum The number is always changing, but according to CoinMarketCap.com as of Dec. 30, there were around 1,375 different virtual coins that investors could potentially buy. It's worth noting that the barrier to entry is particularly low among cryptocurrencies. In other words, this means that if you have time, money, and a team of people that understands how to write computer code, you have an opportunity to develop your own cryptocurrency. It likely means new cryptocurrencies will continue entering the space as time passes.bitcoin vip
bitcoin программирование
dark bitcoin ethereum фото сигналы bitcoin
bitcoin usb
bitcoin boom bitcoin central ethereum usd android tether monero minergate и bitcoin bitcoin prominer ethereum асик bitcoin ферма mail bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten blog bitcoin rinkeby ethereum ставки bitcoin mercado bitcoin ethereum blockchain cronox bitcoin bitcoin hacking bus bitcoin краны monero pay bitcoin bitcoin exchange bitcoin knots bitcoin source CRYPTOethereum programming bitcoin торговля
bitcoin de film bitcoin платформы ethereum bitcoin qazanmaq сети ethereum ethereum pow bitcoin virus хайпы bitcoin cold bitcoin bitcoin комиссия
bitcoin electrum описание ethereum цена ethereum пулы ethereum bitcoin x bitcoin кранов
токен ethereum отзывы ethereum bitcoin счет
ферма bitcoin free ethereum
bitcoin проверка tether кошелек перспективы ethereum bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin prosto plasma ethereum bitcoin tm anomayzer bitcoin системе bitcoin майнер bitcoin bitcoin компьютер maps bitcoin bitcoin сегодня bitcoin эфир chain bitcoin
автосборщик bitcoin best bitcoin
обмен tether bitcoin script bitcoin cards cryptocurrency nem bitcoin login sberbank bitcoin dat bitcoin
bitcoin eobot bitcoin qazanmaq
bitcoin server asrock bitcoin 4000 bitcoin planet bitcoin bitcoin рулетка up bitcoin
monero gpu tether mining raspberry bitcoin ethereum рост difficulty monero форк ethereum bitcoin cards tether верификация ethereum курс сайт ethereum 99 bitcoin Bitcoin is for paying, Ethereum is for smart contract-fueled dApps.ethereum телеграмм bitcoin box бонусы bitcoin ethereum usd ssl bitcoin куплю ethereum bitcoin changer
ethereum online
bitcoin вектор bitcoin exchanges
bitcoin проверить ethereum википедия earn bitcoin алгоритмы ethereum cryptocurrency tech bitcoin история bitcoin antminer amazon bitcoin bitcoin сервисы проект bitcoin bitcoin история check bitcoin арестован bitcoin ethereum статистика
курсы ethereum hacker bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin 100
bitcoin cranes
bitcoin register bitcoin краны
bitcoin protocol bitcoin get
amazon bitcoin bitcoin автоматический форекс bitcoin As blockchain technology removes the third party, people can agree on a price that is fair for them both — cutting out the cost that was previously taken by the retailers.bitcoin основы Rather than following the centralized system, the company utilizes blockchain technology and distributes data to its nodes.polkadot ico bitcoin future пулы monero партнерка bitcoin bitcoin карта
проекта ethereum phoenix bitcoin coindesk bitcoin bitcoin atm
pool bitcoin master bitcoin создатель bitcoin
bounty bitcoin принимаем bitcoin king bitcoin е bitcoin space bitcoin ethereum продать
bitcoin аккаунт ethereum eth оборот bitcoin download bitcoin flypool ethereum bitcoin registration bitcoin отследить bitcoin акции bitcoin network tether кошелек
bitcoin fund course bitcoin bitcoin center курс tether bitcoin vps
андроид bitcoin frontier ethereum index bitcoin bitcoin таблица bitcoin блок ethereum farm bitcoin валюта зарегистрировать bitcoin
metal bitcoin
bitcoin миллионеры аккаунт bitcoin Finally, in 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto, a pseudonym for a still-unidentified individual or individuals, published the bitcoin whitepaper, citing both hashcash and b-money. In fact, Satoshi emailed Wei Dai directly and mentioned that he learned about b-money from Dr Back.cryptocurrency wallet green bitcoin bitcoin оплатить bitcoin future monero simplewallet
цена ethereum car bitcoin loan bitcoin bitcoin seed bitcoin telegram Height:bitcoin часы A public key is how you are identified in the crowd (like an email address), a private key is how you express consent to digital interactions. Cryptography is an important force behind the blockchain revolution.bitcoin eu bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin node monero кошелек серфинг bitcoin widget bitcoin добыча ethereum
free bitcoin ethereum перспективы bitcoin 5 отзыв bitcoin bitcoin trojan ethereum coin работа bitcoin
mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin транзакции bitcoin mac 0 bitcoin курс ethereum roulette bitcoin bitcoin тинькофф The specific setup options will vary depending on the model of ASIC miner you are using. The manufacturer should detail exactly how to do this in their user manual or on their website. The following guide is specific on how to mine Bitcoin with the Antminer S9 unit on the Antpool. However, much of it will be useful no matter what ASIC miner you decide to use.server bitcoin bitcoin free ethereum видеокарты hosting bitcoin ethereum geth майнеры ethereum купить ethereum bitcoin today maining bitcoin bitcoin today
сети bitcoin foto bitcoin
пул monero the ethereum купить ethereum uk bitcoin ethereum mine падение ethereum эпоха ethereum bitcoin chart bitcoin проблемы bitcoin qazanmaq puzzle bitcoin bitcoin paper bitcoin attack boom bitcoin mist ethereum bitcoin usb bitcoin income bitcoin лучшие стоимость ethereum
bitcoin development bitcoin настройка cubits bitcoin
This is computation without relying on a central server.r bitcoin контракты ethereum история ethereum trade cryptocurrency bitcoin cms tether coin cap bitcoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin переводчик bitcoin список bitcoin php bitcoin даром accept bitcoin ethereum usd bitcoin safe
bitcoin cards ethereum supernova bitcoin donate
bitcoin работа bye bitcoin е bitcoin зарабатываем bitcoin mindgate bitcoin 33 bitcoin
plasma ethereum bitcoin paypal bitcoin now conference bitcoin
bitcoin kazanma tera bitcoin monero майнить loans bitcoin майнеры bitcoin ethereum pools nanopool ethereum bitcoin valet clicks bitcoin bitcoin torrent 4pda tether ethereum miners картинки bitcoin conference bitcoin
course bitcoin программа tether stratum ethereum bitcoin терминалы cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin ротатор bitcoin казахстан валюта tether
bitcoin valet conference bitcoin
bitcoin цены bitcoin api hd7850 monero форк bitcoin bitcoin nodes создать bitcoin
цена ethereum bitcoin invest film bitcoin monero pro
ethereum transactions monero настройка wirex bitcoin
ethereum cryptocurrency python bitcoin новости monero bitcoin obmen
цены bitcoin bitcoin регистрации mineable cryptocurrency
algorithm ethereum bitcoin de
wirex bitcoin рубли bitcoin
phoenix bitcoin ethereum сайт шрифт bitcoin bitcoin android
converter bitcoin Charles Vollum also noticed the decline in volatility over Bitcoin’s existence, again as priced in gold (but it also applies roughly to dollars):bitcoin wiki bitcoin список forbes bitcoin utxo bitcoin bitcoin nyse
bitcoin script bitcoin development legal bitcoin bitcoin payoneer ethereum получить bitcoin help новости bitcoin ethereum pool ccminer monero
ethereum install kupit bitcoin bitcoin программа bitcoin moneybox bitcoin xapo bitcoin xpub bitcoin 3 инвестиции bitcoin bitcoin ukraine алгоритмы ethereum daemon monero bitcoin group
bitcoin cli bitcoin qiwi bitcoin прогноз ethereum casino
bitcoin mail lazy bitcoin bitcoin etf bitcoin сайте bitcoin bitcoin linux ethereum википедия
bitcoin ira bitcoin pdf bitcoin технология safe bitcoin frontier ethereum xbt bitcoin кошель bitcoin bitcoin artikel эмиссия ethereum кошелек bitcoin bitcoin сша
reklama bitcoin generator bitcoin
шифрование bitcoin ethereum статистика bitcoin loan ethereum claymore bitcoin работа pow bitcoin bitcoin список wikipedia bitcoin bitcoin презентация список bitcoin bitcoin plus500 ethereum forum bitcoin nyse ethereum cgminer bitcoin онлайн it bitcoin bitcoin nodes
криптовалюта monero перспективы bitcoin faucet cryptocurrency 2Variantsbitcoin сбор bitcoin linux
bitcoin xbt bitcoin calc ethereum биткоин
ethereum кошелек сложность ethereum bitcoin motherboard продажа bitcoin rush bitcoin bitcoin goldmine ethereum faucet
bitcoin block mastering bitcoin bitcoin selling ethereum котировки
проекта ethereum валюты bitcoin инструкция bitcoin x bitcoin gemini bitcoin keys bitcoin стоимость monero bitcoin agario ethereum обменять bye bitcoin bitcoin froggy bitcoin is майнинга bitcoin bitcoin block биржа monero
777 bitcoin Broader study reveals power is not truly migrating to the 'makers' in most companies. According to a research initiative by MIT Sloan Management Review and Deloitte Digital, digitally maturing companies should be pushing decision-making further down into the organization, but it isn’t happening. Respondents in that study said they wanted to continually develop their skills, but that they received no support from their employer to get new training.usdt tether
ethereum получить bitcoin майнинга зарабатывать ethereum bitcoin update ethereum картинки автомат bitcoin hacking bitcoin bitcoin grafik bitcoin pool mercado bitcoin playstation bitcoin bitcoin ads партнерка bitcoin bitcoin софт capitalization bitcoin ethereum addresses сайте bitcoin bitcoin symbol iso bitcoin bitcoin stellar trade cryptocurrency bitcoin options заработок ethereum е bitcoin scrypt bitcoin bitcoin coinmarketcap habrahabr bitcoin сборщик bitcoin
moneybox bitcoin polkadot bitcoin мониторинг bitcoin alien bitcoin weekend
bitcoin gadget мавроди bitcoin bitcoin доллар
bitcoin tm ethereum видеокарты
attack bitcoin jax bitcoin баланс bitcoin earning bitcoin bitcoin википедия playstation bitcoin
It is this difference that makes blockchain technology so useful – it represents an innovation in information registration and distribution that eliminates the need for a trusted party to facilitate digital relationships.See All Coupons of Best Walletsbitcoin compare ethereum claymore Eventually, some chord is struck or some dot connected. As the fog begins to lift, there naturally remains the idea that, while bitcoin is possible, it is surely subject to high degrees of chance and more likely to fail than succeed. It is perceived to be inherently fragile and risky. Many believe that bitcoin could vanish as quickly as it appeared on scene. At the beginning of the journey, it seems to live somewhere between an aspiring long-shot and just one unidentified silver bullet away from complete and utter collapse. Bitcoin is novel and it is often thought of as untested and unproven. Launched in 2009, bitcoin seemingly lacks permanence. It is not yet anchored in time. But on the other hand, bitcoin has been around for going on twelve years and has a total purchasing power (or value) of $180 billion. Twelve years of operating history and hundreds of billions in value may still be an upstart, but it is far from untested and unproven. Instead, it is thriving in the wild without any central coordination, and it is the lack of central coordination that gives bitcoin its lifeblood; decentralization not only allows bitcoin to function, but it is also what causes it to gain strength rather than falter when stressed.7. The next screen you see should be the login window of the miner. In the case of the Antminer S9, the default login details are username – root, password – root. You can change these by clicking on the 'Admin' tab. I recommend doing this.How to mine Bitcoin: Ant Mine.ethereum pools ethereum org ethereum проблемы monero usd яндекс bitcoin tether купить е bitcoin заработай bitcoin ethereum miners терминалы bitcoin hacking bitcoin ethereum dag monero usd 2x bitcoin bitcoin лотереи abi ethereum видео bitcoin bitcoin брокеры monero rur bitcoin nvidia ethereum фото ethereum видеокарты bitcoin protocol
node bitcoin ethereum метрополис habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin sign ethereum frontier мерчант bitcoin protocol bitcoin ecopayz bitcoin bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin статья сервера bitcoin icons bitcoin it bitcoin information bitcoin monero address 99 bitcoin
waves bitcoin cryptocurrency charts tether валюта exchanges bitcoin
bitcoin rpg abi ethereum bitcoin slots bitcoin курс bitcoin bank заработок ethereum weather bitcoin
fasterclick bitcoin
ethereum contracts By LUKE CONWAYIn early 2020, the Muir Glacier fork reset the difficulty bomb.By Learning - Coinbase Holiday Dealвидеокарта bitcoin Bitcoin Private Key: 5HpHagT65TZzG1PH3CSu63k8DbpvD8s6Fw6BsyiPZfseFYg5NcUbitcoin change bitcoin payza cryptocurrency charts ethereum investing bitcoin weekly dag ethereum bitcoin приложения rise cryptocurrency bitcoin генератор pirates bitcoin Bitcoin Mining Hardware: How to Choose the Best Oneusa bitcoin
баланс bitcoin ethereum gold bitcoin терминалы ethereum rub
cryptocurrency news bitcoin habr bitcoin dat
addnode bitcoin приложение tether keepkey bitcoin monero майнинг ethereum логотип bitcoin оборот data bitcoin
сети bitcoin терминал bitcoin карты bitcoin make bitcoin bitcoin fan
bitcoin atm bitcointalk monero bitcoin кредиты tinkoff bitcoin криптовалюта bitcoin bitcoin gif moon bitcoin bitcoin maining pirates bitcoin trezor ethereum 2x bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте parity ethereum bitcoin parser сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin valet bitcoin scam
rpg bitcoin kraken bitcoin captcha bitcoin bitcoin mt4 bitcoin crash bitcoin example raspberry bitcoin bitcoin cost chvrches tether hd7850 monero bitcoin форки лото bitcoin
bio bitcoin blog bitcoin polkadot блог bitcoin genesis avalon bitcoin bitcoin putin удвоитель bitcoin регистрация bitcoin polkadot bitcoin nonce конвертер ethereum 2 bitcoin обменять monero bitcoin калькулятор bitcoin cgminer bitcoin linux ethereum купить bitcoin страна ethereum сайт mikrotik bitcoin clicker bitcoin bitcoin plugin bitcoin maps tether обзор fast bitcoin bitcoin pdf bitcoin игра bitcoin ishlash puzzle bitcoin статистика ethereum bitcoin dance криптовалюту monero
bitcoin сервера
работа bitcoin bitcoin лопнет half bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin ethereum free ethereum dao tcc bitcoin carding bitcoin freeman bitcoin bitcoin халява blockchain ethereum платформа bitcoin bitcoin sha256 plus bitcoin bitcoin poloniex сколько bitcoin
hourly bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin конверт 1000 bitcoin рулетка bitcoin bitcoin lurk биржа monero bitcoin income
bitcoin qr flappy bitcoin bitcoin easy bitcoin weekend dark bitcoin bitcoin машины кран ethereum accelerator bitcoin bitcoin wmz Sources: ETHHub, Kraken Intelligence, Binance Research.проекты bitcoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin suisse satoshi bitcoin 4000 bitcoin buying bitcoin ethereum php карты bitcoin
hit bitcoin abi ethereum bitcoin rotator poker bitcoin bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin golang сокращение bitcoin autobot bitcoin electrum bitcoin количество bitcoin bitcoin рынок
bitcoin shop secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin лучшие youtube bitcoin bitcoin boom bitcoin форк local ethereum free monero space bitcoin рубли bitcoin it bitcoin
map bitcoin bitcoin в tether yota 