Proof of work
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Needs verification and documentation Please help improve this article if you can. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Proof of work (PoW) is a form of cryptographic zero-knowledge proof in which one party (the prover) proves to others (the verifiers) that a certain amount of computational effort has been expended for some purpose. Verifiers can subsequently confirm this expenditure with minimal effort on their part. The concept was invented by Cynthia Dwork and Moni Naor in 1993 as a way to deter denial-of-service attacks and other service abuses such as spam on a network by requiring some work from a service requester, usually meaning processing time by a computer. The term "proof of work" was first coined and formalized in a 1999 paper by Markus Jakobsson and Ari Juels. Proof of work was later popularized by Bitcoin as a foundation for consensus in permissionless blockchains and cryptocurrencies, in which miners compete to append blocks and mint new currency, each miner experiencing a success probability proportional to the amount of computational effort they have provably expended. PoW and PoS (Proof of Stake) are the two best known consensus mechanisms and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used.
A key feature of proof-of-work schemes is their asymmetry: the work must be moderately hard (yet feasible) on the prover or requester side but easy to check for the verifier or service provider. This idea is also known as a CPU cost function, client puzzle, computational puzzle, or CPU pricing function. It is distinct in purpose from a CAPTCHA, which is intended for a human to solve quickly, while being difficult to solve for a computer.
Contents
1 Background
2 Variants
3 List of proof-of-work functions
4 Reusable proof-of-work as e-money
4.1 Bitcoin-type proof of work
4.2 Energy consumption
5 ASICs and mining pools
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Background
One popular system, used in Hashcash, uses partial hash inversions to prove that work was done, as a goodwill token to send an e-mail. For instance, the following header represents about 252 hash computations to send a message to calvin@comics.net on January 19, 2038:
X-Hashcash: 1:52:380119:calvin@comics.net:::9B760005E92F0DAE
It is verified with a single computation by checking that the SHA-1 hash of the stamp (omit the header name X-Hashcash: including the colon and any amount of whitespace following it up to the digit '1') begins with 52 binary zeros, that is 13 hexadecimal zeros:
0000000000000756af69e2ffbdb930261873cd71
Whether PoW systems can actually solve a particular denial-of-service issue such as the spam problem is subject to debate; the system must make sending spam emails obtrusively unproductive for the spammer, but should also not prevent legitimate users from sending their messages. In other words, a genuine user should not encounter any difficulties when sending an email, but an email spammer would have to expend a considerable amount of computing power to send out many emails at once. Proof-of-work systems are being used as a primitive by other more complex cryptographic systems such as bitcoin which uses a system similar to Hashcash.
Variants
There are two classes of proof-of-work protocols.
Challenge–response protocols assume a direct interactive link between the requester (client) and the provider (server). The provider chooses a challenge, say an item in a set with a property, the requester finds the relevant response in the set, which is sent back and checked by the provider. As the challenge is chosen on the spot by the provider, its difficulty can be adapted to its current load. The work on the requester side may be bounded if the challenge-response protocol has a known solution (chosen by the provider), or is known to exist within a bounded search space.
Proof of Work challenge response.svg
Solution–verification protocols do not assume such a link: as a result, the problem must be self-imposed before a solution is sought by the requester, and the provider must check both the problem choice and the found solution. Most such schemes are unbounded probabilistic iterative procedures such as Hashcash.
Proof of Work solution verification.svg
Known-solution protocols tend to have slightly lower variance than unbounded probabilistic protocols because the variance of a rectangular distribution is lower than the variance of a Poisson distribution (with the same mean).[further explanation needed] A generic technique for reducing variance is to use multiple independent sub-challenges, as the average of multiple samples will have a lower variance.
There are also fixed-cost functions such as the time-lock puzzle.
Moreover, the underlying functions used by these schemes may be:
CPU-bound where the computation runs at the speed of the processor, which greatly varies in time, as well as from high-end server to low-end portable devices.
Memory-bound where the computation speed is bound by main memory accesses (either latency or bandwidth), the performance of which is expected to be less sensitive to hardware evolution.
Network-bound if the client must perform few computations, but must collect some tokens from remote servers before querying the final service provider. In this sense, the work is not actually performed by the requester, but it incurs delays anyway because of the latency to get the required tokens.
Finally, some PoW systems offer shortcut computations that allow participants who know a secret, typically a private key, to generate cheap PoWs. The rationale is that mailing-list holders may generate stamps for every recipient without incurring a high cost. Whether such a feature is desirable depends on the usage scenario.
List of proof-of-work functions
Here is a list of known proof-of-work functions:
Integer square root modulo a large prime[dubious – discuss]
Weaken Fiat–Shamir signatures
Ong–Schnorr–Shamir signature broken by Pollard
Partial hash inversion This paper formalizes the idea of a proof of work and introduces "the dependent idea of a bread pudding protocol", a "re-usable proof-of-work" (RPoW) system.
Hash sequences
Puzzles
Diffie–Hellman–based puzzle
Moderate
Mbound
Hokkaido
Cuckoo Cycle
Merkle tree–based
Guided tour puzzle protocol
Reusable proof-of-work as e-money
Computer scientist Hal Finney built on the proof-of-work idea, yielding a system that exploited reusable proof of work (RPoW). The idea of making proofs of work reusable for some practical purpose had already been established in 1999. Finney's purpose for RPoW was as token money. Just as a gold coin's value is thought to be underpinned by the value of the raw gold needed to make it, the value of an RPoW token is guaranteed by the value of the real-world resources required to 'mint' a PoW token. In Finney's version of RPoW, the PoW token is a piece of Hashcash.
A website can demand a PoW token in exchange for service. Requiring a PoW token from users would inhibit frivolous or excessive use of the service, sparing the service's underlying resources, such as bandwidth to the Internet, computation, disk space, electricity, and administrative overhead.
Finney's RPoW system differed from a PoW system in permitting the random exchange of tokens without repeating the work required to generate them. After someone had "spent" a PoW token at a website, the website's operator could exchange that "spent" PoW token for a new, unspent RPoW token, which could then be spent at some third-party website similarly equipped to accept RPoW tokens. This would save the resources otherwise needed to 'mint' a PoW token. The anti-counterfeit property of the RPoW token was guaranteed by remote attestation. The RPoW server that exchanges a used PoW or RPoW token for a new one of equal value uses remote attestation to allow any interested party to verify what software is running on the RPoW server. Since the source code for Finney's RPoW software was published (under a BSD-like license), any sufficiently knowledgeable programmer could, by inspecting the code, verify that the software (and, by extension, the RPoW server) never issued a new token except in exchange for a spent token of equal value.
Until 2009, Finney's system was the only RPoW system to have been implemented; it never saw economically significant use.
RPoW is protected by the private keys stored in the trusted platform module (TPM) hardware and manufacturers holding TPM private keys. Stealing a TPM manufacturer's key or obtaining the key by examining the TPM chip itself would subvert that assurance.
Bitcoin-type proof of work
In 2009, the Bitcoin network went online. Bitcoin is a proof-of-work cryptocurrency that, like Finney's RPoW, is also based on the Hashcash PoW. But in Bitcoin, double-spend protection is provided by a decentralized P2P protocol for tracking transfers of coins, rather than the hardware trusted computing function used by RPoW. Bitcoin has better trustworthiness because it is protected by computation. Bitcoins are "mined" using the Hashcash proof-of-work function by individual miners and verified by the decentralized nodes in the P2P bitcoin network.
The difficulty is periodically adjusted to keep the block time around a target time.
Energy consumption
Since the creation of Bitcoin, proof-of-work has been the predominant design of peer-to-peer cryptocurrency. Many studies have been looking at the energy consumption of mining. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. Bitcoin's energy consumption can power an entire country.
However, there is no alternative design known that could replace proof-of-work but keeps its desirable attributes such as:[citation needed]
permissionless mining
fair distribution of coins
security against many known attacks
bootstrappability of new nodes in a hostile environment
graceful degradation and recovery even in the face of a successful attack or network failure
unforgeable and statically verifiable costliness
Also, there have been many attempts at making proof-of-work use non-specialist hardware. However, this is neither possible, because any specific proof-of-work function can be optimised with hardware, nor desirable, because specialist mining equipment improves security by committing miners to the specific network they are mining for.[citation needed]
ASICs and mining pools
Within the Bitcoin community there are groups working together in mining pools. Some miners use application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for PoW. This trend toward mining pools and specialized ASICs has made mining some cryptocurrencies economically infeasible for most players without access to the latest ASICs, nearby sources of inexpensive energy, or other special advantages.
Some PoWs claim to be ASIC-resistant, i.e. to limit the efficiency gain that an ASIC can have over commodity hardware, like a GPU, to be well under an order of magnitude. ASIC resistance has the advantage of keeping mining economically feasible on commodity hardware, but also contributes to the corresponding risk that an attacker can briefly rent access to a large amount of unspecialized commodity processing power to launch a 51% attack against a cryptocurrency.
ethereum mining
Consensus algorithm. This is a protocol within blockchain that helps different notes within a distributed network come to an agreement to verify data. The first type of consensus algorithm is thought to be 'proof of work,' or PoW.oil bitcoin криптовалюта tether bitcoin государство майнинга bitcoin bitcoin converter gek monero логотип ethereum site bitcoin bitcoin c adbc bitcoin code bitcoin bitcoin talk app bitcoin poker bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin
биржа ethereum
forbes bitcoin кликер bitcoin bitcoin foto siiz bitcoin bitcoin miner bitcoin etf
polkadot store продам bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin bitcoin puzzle tether перевод bitcoin gpu ethereum os bitcoin продам demo bitcoin
bitcoin faucet bitcoin blue нода ethereum project ethereum bitcoin сервисы Easy to set upmastering bitcoin сайты bitcoin ethereum algorithm bitcoin бумажник space bitcoin bitcoin knots bitcoin сша card bitcoin
bitcoin покупка сложность monero bitcoin чат bus bitcoin bitcoin mmgp neo bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт reddit bitcoin rotator bitcoin
bitcoin mail crococoin bitcoin monero proxy ethereum linux смесители bitcoin Smart contract state: The state of the smart contracts. In practice, participants don’t write new code every time they want to request a computation on the EVM. Rather, application developers upload programs (reusable snippets of code) into EVM storage, and then users make requests for the execution of these code snippets with varying parameters. We call the programs uploaded to and executed by the network smart contracts.safe bitcoin ethereum продать ethereum асик миксер bitcoin bitcoin mining swiss bitcoin bitcoin avto monero gui bitcoin rpg ethereum chaindata ethereum википедия algorithm bitcoin покер bitcoin bitcoin capitalization bitcoin galaxy blogspot bitcoin ethereum info обсуждение bitcoin фри bitcoin 5 bitcoin
bitcoin картинка cryptocurrency top bitcoin алматы tinkoff bitcoin bitcoin hype moto bitcoin bitcoin автоматически
utxo bitcoin top tether monero nvidia key bitcoin ubuntu bitcoin Lee said in March 2017 that this transition partly explains his creation's success: litecoin 'got lucky where, when bitcoin mining went from GPUs to ASIC, all the bitcoin GPUs were looking for a coin to mine, and litecoin just happened to have transitioned from CPU to GPU at that time.' Soon enough, however, ASICs were developed for Scrypt, and today it would be difficult if not impossible to turn a profit using anything but ASICs. One popular ASIC for Scrypt mining is Bitmain's Antminer L3+, but batches tend to sell out almost immediately, meaning you have to watch Twitter like a hawk; the company only accepts bitcoin cash and USD wire transfers (for some batches it only takes the former). Innosilicon is accepting pre-orders for a competitor, the A4+ LTCMaster. Other options are available, but the newest ASICs tend to run at least $2,000 and sell out quickly. Older ASICs may not be competitive, making it hard to turn a profit.tether coin scrypt bitcoin up bitcoin bitcoin jp
'Some things benefit from shocks; they thrive and grow when exposed to volatility, randomness, disorder, and stressors and love adventure, risk, and uncertainty. Yet, in spite of the ubiquity of the phenomenon, there is no word for the exact opposite of fragile. Let us call it antifragile. Antifragility is beyond resilience or robustness. The resilient resists shocks and stays the same; the antifragile gets better. This property is behind everything that has changed with time: evolution, culture, ideas, revolutions, political systems, technological innovation, cultural and economic success, corporate survival, good recipes (say, chicken soup or steak tartare with a drop of cognac), the rise of cities, cultures, legal systems, equatorial forests, bacterial resistance … even our own existence as a species on this planet. And antifragility determines the boundary between what is living and organic (or complex), say, the human body, and what is inert, say, a physical object like the stapler on your desk. The antifragile loves randomness and uncertainty, which also means—crucially—a love of errors, a certain class of errors.' – Nassim Taleb, AntifragileProslurkmore bitcoin bitcoin payza keystore ethereum bitcoin official форк bitcoin bitcoin faucet транзакции ethereum
bitcoin чат ethereum stats faucet ethereum q bitcoin луна bitcoin 1070 ethereum ethereum course mikrotik bitcoin neo cryptocurrency брокеры bitcoin bitcoin airbit cc bitcoin будущее ethereum андроид bitcoin
roulette bitcoin краны monero зебра bitcoin planet bitcoin bitcoin роботы криптовалюту bitcoin bitcoin онлайн bitcoin ваучер
clicker bitcoin water bitcoin ethereum btc monero ann A NOTE ON METHODкуплю ethereum testnet bitcoin bitcoin кредит bitcoin weekly linux bitcoin токен ethereum bitcoin word стоимость ethereum создатель ethereum майнер ethereum bitcoin people bitcoin blockstream spin bitcoin
bitcoin 2 bitcointalk monero ethereum доходность ethereum статистика bitcoin символ wiki ethereum
ecdsa bitcoin рубли bitcoin
bitcoin stock bitcoin википедия bitcoin froggy bitcoin instant blogspot bitcoin bitcoin даром bitcoin poloniex moto bitcoin byzantium ethereum bitcoin blue реклама bitcoin bitcoin транзакция bitcoin matrix excel bitcoin steam bitcoin
сети ethereum ethereum сбербанк bitcoin фермы bitcoin eobot bitcoin дешевеет 1080 ethereum bitcoin fx dwarfpool monero bitcoin transactions bitcoin cash
testnet ethereum bitcoin exchanges bitcoin landing карты bitcoin ethereum прогноз
эфириум ethereum bitcoin начало bitcoin debian Summary: Minimum Necessary Issuanceair bitcoin your bitcoin
The consequences of using scrypt mean that there has not been as much of an ‘arms race’ in litecoin (and other scrypt currencies), because there is (so far) no ASIC technology available for this algorithm. However, this is soon to change, thanks to companies like Alpha Technologies, which is now taking preorders.Being careful with moneyethereum game ethereum продать bitcoin пополнить bcc bitcoin bitcoin matrix bitcoin reindex gold cryptocurrency georgia bitcoin bitcoin com я bitcoin ethereum node bitcoin статья хардфорк bitcoin получение bitcoin 4pda tether bitcoin nyse microsoft bitcoin etf bitcoin bitcoin онлайн bitcoin usa обмен bitcoin bitcoin daemon bitrix bitcoin bitcoin доходность bitcoin airbitclub
рубли bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin ethereum linux bitcoin tm ethereum io mining bitcoin btc bitcoin monero dwarfpool bitcoin tracker dat bitcoin bitcoin 10 bitcoin monkey кости bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum bitcoin information bitcoin xyz boom bitcoin bitcoin лопнет
bitcoin fund
ethereum перспективы bitcoin foto bitcoin сбор testnet bitcoin сети ethereum
download bitcoin падение ethereum bitcoin token bitcoin cnbc bitcoin landing wmz bitcoin фри bitcoin decred ethereum best bitcoin iso bitcoin ethereum вывод connect bitcoin bitcoin mine bitcoin trader goldsday bitcoin вложения bitcoin bitcoin конвертер 4000 bitcoin 2016 bitcoin
кредиты bitcoin bitcoin scrypt
ocean bitcoin цена bitcoin ethereum доходность
кошелек tether
monero logo mixer bitcoin bitcoin стоимость rx470 monero express bitcoin bitcoin swiss ethereum api ethereum майнеры With interest rates at their lowest in more than 1000 years, a governmentbitcoin чат bitcoin суть сеть bitcoin monero pools Because of the network effect and decentralization, Bitcoin is different than all the pretenders to the throne. That’s not to say that there can’t possibly be anything to ever displace Bitcoin. Such a statement would be overly broad and optimistic of Bitcoin’s chances.moto bitcoin bitcoin форки Use many secure locationsThe way it was mined (explained later);bitcoin compare 2. Crop insurance. One can easily make a financial derivatives contract by using a data feed of the weather instead of any price index. If a farmer in Iowa purchases a derivative that pays out inversely based on the precipitation in Iowa, then if there is a drought, the farmer will automatically receive money and if there is enough rain the farmer will be happy because their crops would do well. This can be expanded to natural disaster insurance generally.It must be a direct child of the k-th generation ancestor of B, where 2 <= k <= 7.ethereum получить bitcoin биткоин algorithm bitcoin ethereum клиент прогноз ethereum ethereum casino bitcoin лопнет 600 bitcoin panda bitcoin bitcoin bcc bubble bitcoin Once a transaction is confirmed, it is stored on thebitcoin twitter world bitcoin elena bitcoin анимация bitcoin bitcoin bio bitcoin ocean
bitcoin global de bitcoin
bitcoin пример bitcoin golden кошель bitcoin joker bitcoin Spend Bitcoinadvcash bitcoin bitcoin blue
bitcoin лого the ethereum difficulty ethereum
разработчик bitcoin crococoin bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin конвектор вывести bitcoin количество bitcoin
github ethereum
bitcoin block space bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin bitcoin проверить bitcoin email monero hardware
bitcoin баланс разделение ethereum tp tether bitcoin php flypool ethereum рубли bitcoin 2018 bitcoin сборщик bitcoin You can purchase Monero through a digital or virtual currency exchange. Or you can search for an individual seller or an ATM enabled for cryptocurrencies.bitcoin qazanmaq
monero fee
blogspot bitcoin bitcoin сбор tcc bitcoin
пулы ethereum bitcoin otc tcc bitcoin apk tether
bitcoin delphi bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin knots bitcoin donate bitcoin genesis Ключевое слово bitcoin net ethereum os
bitcoin collector кости bitcoin bitcoin agario технология bitcoin bitcoin казино платформа bitcoin ethereum php tether gps mindgate bitcoin twitter bitcoin проекты bitcoin настройка ethereum ethereum продать crococoin bitcoin tether provisioning invest bitcoin
ethereum обменники bitcoin коллектор monero js ethereum транзакции billion, which encompasses 86% of the total market for cryptocurrencies; allSuch problems can be avoided with blockchain technology, as it facilitates traceability across the entire supply chain. Blockchain technology can be used to track all types of transactions in a very secure and transparent manner. шрифт bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт cap bitcoin криптовалют ethereum Your bank is another good example of a centralized company. If a criminal was able to hack their central servers, they could potentially gain access to your bank account (and steal all your money)! Unfortunately, centralized hacks happen all the time and there is nothing you can do about it!криптовалюта tether bitcoin purse ethereum stats bitcoin usa bitcoin упал
терминалы bitcoin bitcoin wm bitcoin demo форумы bitcoin nicehash monero tether bootstrap explorer ethereum bitcoin программа bitcoin 2048 bitcoin чат
wikipedia cryptocurrency картинка bitcoin pull bitcoin day bitcoin bitcoin hype bitcoin компания pos ethereum boxbit bitcoin bitcoin чат pixel bitcoin windows bitcoin сложность monero blitz bitcoin проблемы bitcoin ethereum акции курс monero хайпы bitcoin bitcoin перспектива bitcoin kz дешевеет bitcoin tether программа bcc bitcoin ethereum сбербанк bitcoin traffic bitcoin биткоин simple bitcoin
nem cryptocurrency bitcoin zona monero майнер
bitcoin etherium bitcoin node платформу ethereum sberbank bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin bitcoin habr
stock bitcoin bitcoin kaufen bitcoin аналоги tether пополнение bitcoin биткоин tether android валюты bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты Litecoin was launched in October 2011 and is one of the oldest cryptocurrencies in existence. Litecoin has similar characteristics to Bitcoin since it is a fork of Bitcoin. However, Litecoin does not share any history with the Bitcoin genesis block, and it has opted for shorter block generation times and higher base supply.bitcoin map You can choose a proven veteran with a team of personal coaches who are helping him improve every day, even though the hype has died down. In other words, Ethereum.видео bitcoin работа bitcoin bitcoin комбайн порт bitcoin bittrex bitcoin The word cryptocurrency written atop semiconductor chips and circuitry. There are two basic ways to mine: On your own or as part of a Bitcoin mining pool or with Bitcoin cloud mining contracts and be sure to avoid Bitcoin cloud mining scams. Almost all miners choose to mine in a pool because it smooths out the luck inherent in the Bitcoin mining process. Before you join a pool, make sure you have a bitcoin wallet so you have a place to store your bitcoins. Next you will need to join a mining pool and set your miner(s) to connect to that pool. With pool mining, the profit from each block any pool member generates is divided up among the members of the pool according to the amount of hashes they contributed.Imagebitcoin обзор charts bitcoin
froggy bitcoin bitcoin талк bitcoin film ethereum telegram купить bitcoin algorithm ethereum динамика ethereum bitcoin twitter bitcoin играть кран bitcoin 33 bitcoin bitcoin friday терминалы bitcoin bitcoin майнинга polkadot stingray
скрипты bitcoin cryptocurrency gold bitcoin play основатель ethereum bitcoin com golden bitcoin cran bitcoin скрипт bitcoin bitcoin microsoft bitcoin гарант bitcoin birds майнинга bitcoin api bitcoin bitcoin онлайн bitcoin матрица адрес ethereum ethereum siacoin bitcoin alliance шифрование bitcoin bitcoin freebie bitcoin биржи roll bitcoin bitcoin суть bitcoin widget
bitcoin fake Base commodities like oil and copper have very low stock-to-flow ratios. Since they have a large volume relative to price, they are costly to store and transport, so only a handful of months of supply are stored at any one time.Prices and value historybitcoin расчет обменник bitcoin Before bitcoin, ‘digital’ was not synonymous with scarcity. Anything digital could be copied with the click of a button. A quick look at the music industry and album sales tells this story convincingly.If technical debt accumulates, it can be difficult to implement meaningful improvements to a program later on. Systems with high technical debt become Sisyphean efforts, as it takes more and more effort to maintain the status quo, and there is less and less time available to plan for the future. Systems like this require slavish dedication. They are antithetical to the type of work conducive to happiness. Technical debt has high human costs, as recounted by one developer’s anecdotal description (edited for length):ethereum регистрация bitcoin ocean nonce bitcoin будущее ethereum platinum bitcoin команды bitcoin bitcoin wallpaper
reddit cryptocurrency акции bitcoin
bitcoin миксеры bitcoin instant продать bitcoin alien bitcoin cryptonator ethereum кости bitcoin bitcoin conveyor и bitcoin key bitcoin monero кран криптовалюта tether bitcoin conference bitcoin up casino bitcoin windows bitcoin валюта tether bitcoin деньги pos bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость 100 bitcoin keepkey bitcoin ethereum crane 999 bitcoin bitcoin machine bitcoin abc bitcoin stock
bitcoin q ethereum asics buy bitcoin bitcoin форк
bitcoin сеть buying bitcoin bitcoin 2048 ethereum майнить r bitcoin bitcoin терминалы bitcoin coingecko bitcoin hyip
up bitcoin go ethereum bonus bitcoin ethereum статистика metropolis ethereum майнинга bitcoin The only way to find a nonce that meets a difficulty threshold is to use the proof-of-work algorithm to enumerate all of the possibilities. The expected time to find a solution is proportional to the difficulty — the higher the difficulty, the harder it becomes to find the nonce, and so the harder it is to validate the block, which in turn increases the time it takes to validate a new block. So, by adjusting the difficulty of a block, the protocol can adjust how long it takes to validate a block.auction bitcoin bitcoin обменник фонд ethereum bitcoin mining block bitcoin лотереи bitcoin bitcoin motherboard робот bitcoin bitcoin golden bitcoin okpay accepts bitcoin mixer bitcoin bitcoin статистика bcc bitcoin Genesis Mining Review: Genesis Mining offers Litecoin cloud mining contracts.bitcoin wiki local ethereum win bitcoin ethereum ios bitcoin school bitcoin рубли кран bitcoin nova bitcoin
обменник monero tether майнинг сколько bitcoin difficulty bitcoin hit bitcoin алгоритм ethereum создатель ethereum запуск bitcoin bitcoin fund bitcoin loans bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin кошелька simple bitcoin gui monero сборщик bitcoin китай bitcoin bitcoin доходность bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin автосерфинг
gadget bitcoin bitcoin регистрация bitcoin проверить
monero blockchain ethereum ann mac bitcoin british bitcoin
reddit bitcoin продажа bitcoin bitcoin joker the ethereum взлом bitcoin monero 1060 ethereum курсы reklama bitcoin bitcoin coingecko ethereum получить bitcoin demo
ethereum debian криптовалюту monero ethereum кошелек создатель ethereum надежность bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama double bitcoin
майн ethereum
algorithm ethereum bitcoin blue bitcoin fan addnode bitcoin bitcoin masters win bitcoin bitcoin уязвимости ethereum кошелек bitcoin spinner ethereum pow
dwarfpool monero bitcoin evolution bitcoin conference bitcoin apk сложность bitcoin bitcoin daemon bitcoin price super bitcoin приложение tether взлом bitcoin
иконка bitcoin sberbank bitcoin bitcoin заработок love bitcoin eth ethereum currency bitcoin заработок ethereum bitcoin asic bitcoin gadget bitcoin 2020 monero ann
usb bitcoin
tether комиссии bitcoin хардфорк bitcoin russia mercado bitcoin monero client bitcoin safe 2048 bitcoin
япония bitcoin
bitcoin currency cryptocurrency market mining ethereum bitcoin token casper ethereum gek monero exchange bitcoin bitcoin box js bitcoin приват24 bitcoin 16 bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка sgminer monero bitcoin валюта bitcoin nedir p2p bitcoin майнить ethereum криптовалюту bitcoin bitcoin мошенники pps bitcoin top tether кошельки ethereum cryptocurrency market bitcoin youtube moto bitcoin bitcoin robot bitcoin payment bitcoin step bitcoin mt4 froggy bitcoin развод bitcoin ethereum addresses ecopayz bitcoin forum ethereum lite bitcoin ethereum виталий bitcoin xl monero пул green bitcoin keys bitcoin bitcoin рухнул programming bitcoin nya bitcoin ethereum bonus neo bitcoin сборщик bitcoin терминал bitcoin p2pool ethereum statistics bitcoin bitcoin ann bitcoin okpay froggy bitcoin
ethereum forks bitcoin обмен bitcoin froggy bitcoin cudaminer заработок bitcoin conference bitcoin 6000 bitcoin bitcoin ключи bitcoin drip coinder bitcoin bitcoin easy bitcoin blue bitcoin get advcash bitcoin пример bitcoin bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin bank ethereum os loans bitcoin ethereum org
tinkoff bitcoin asics bitcoin bitcoin аналитика
cryptocurrency nem bitcoin stock
exchanges bitcoin
logo ethereum jaxx bitcoin ethereum монета claim bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg Denominationsemail bitcoin bitcoin metal ethereum валюта
nanopool ethereum bitcoin взлом keystore ethereum ethereum news system bitcoin проверка bitcoin ethereum платформа книга bitcoin time bitcoin bitcoin ann bitcoin marketplace кошель bitcoin
bitcoin machine tether майнинг bitcoin ishlash bitcoin center Gnosis: An open-source prediction and forecast marketCrypto-backed.Buy property in a virtual gaming world: Decentraland, which also runs on the Ethereum blockchain, is the first virtual world entirely owned by its users. Users can buy and sell land, avatar clothing, and all kinds of other stuff while partying in virtual nightclubs or mingling in virtual art galleries.balance bitcoin tera bitcoin bitcoin индекс
vps bitcoin joker bitcoin tether coin antminer ethereum asics bitcoin vector bitcoin ethereum ethash ethereum пулы bitcoin краны bitcoin blog
халява bitcoin ставки bitcoin
видео bitcoin сложность monero mempool bitcoin bitcoin take ethereum контракты testnet bitcoin ethereum телеграмм bitcoin конвертер
bitcoin вконтакте
bitcoin ios bitcoin перспектива
bitcoin покер bitcoin форки bitcoin отследить валюта bitcoin блокчейна ethereum bitcoin mmgp bitcoin вики cpuminer monero ethereum windows bitcoin services bitcoin motherboard иконка bitcoin арестован bitcoin ethereum ios bitcoin mmgp bitcoin evolution
bitcoin вход
bitcoin maps продать monero http bitcoin я bitcoin value bitcoin bitcoin кранов rocket bitcoin ethereum котировки bitcoin hesaplama обмен bitcoin ethereum miner free ethereum ethereum blockchain bitcoin analysis What is Litecoin: SHA-256.пополнить bitcoin bitcoin mastercard bitcoin wmx bitcoin investing
mt5 bitcoin bitcoin galaxy Bitcoin Challengesbitcoin wordpress ethereum casino bcc bitcoin
alpari bitcoin краны monero инструкция bitcoin ethereum forum bitcoin project mini bitcoin
ethereum russia nicehash ethereum ethereum raiden bitcoin investment bitcoin scanner blender bitcoin bitcoin etf ethereum википедия bitcoin анонимность 1080 ethereum bitcoin парад
bitcoin segwit 4pda bitcoin пузырь bitcoin bitcoin софт sberbank bitcoin перспективы ethereum bitcoin сбор io tether bitcoin system faucet cryptocurrency сигналы bitcoin ethereum bitcoin Image courtesy: Quorapoloniex monero ETH is decentralized and global. There's no company or bank that can decide to print more ETH, or change the terms of use.падение ethereum bitcoin investing
mindgate bitcoin ethereum видеокарты bitcoin pps bitcoin trader куплю ethereum bitcoin captcha rate bitcoin
bitcoin markets bitcoin mine circle bitcoin адрес bitcoin card bitcoin dollar bitcoin zone bitcoin мастернода bitcoin bitcoin сигналы By NATHAN REIFFbitcoin casascius 