Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:
"what happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward"
"a change in protocol" or
a situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height":glossary
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.
Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.
Types of forks
Forks can be classified as accidental or intentional. Accidental fork happens when two or more miners find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called orphaned blocks).
Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
Hard fork
A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software.
If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
Soft fork
A soft fork or a soft-forking change is described as a fork in the blockchain which can occur when old network nodes do not follow a rule followed by the newly upgraded nodes.:glossary This could cause old nodes to accept data that appear invalid to the new nodes, or become out of sync without the user noticing. This contrasts with a hard-fork, where the node will stop processing blocks following the changed rules instead.
Cryptocurrency splits
A permanent chain split is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
Taxation
The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from state to state.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
The ATO does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
HM Revenue %story% Customs (HMRC)
The HMRC does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new cryptoassets is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
ltd bitcoin bitcoin usd bitcoin virus matrix bitcoin
ethereum contracts
monero usd ethereum swarm ethereum статистика проект ethereum bitcoin обозреватель ethereum dag bitcoin 2018 ethereum coin bitcoin testnet блог bitcoin ethereum online bitcoin eobot bitcoin goldman bitcoin farm bitcoin luxury bitcoin easy decred cryptocurrency habr bitcoin visa bitcoin ethereum wallet wikileaks bitcoin monero xeon
ethereum programming bitcoin монет bitcoin change tracker bitcoin bitcoin nedir монеты bitcoin faucet bitcoin bitcoin minergate hourly bitcoin ethereum логотип genesis bitcoin bitcoin center bitcoin завести bazar bitcoin ethereum farm и bitcoin bitcoin краны monero pools bitcoin руб bitcoin rpg bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin страна rpc bitcoin
torrent bitcoin collector bitcoin boxbit bitcoin bitcoin scripting
bitcoin талк best bitcoin ethereum forum bitcoin ethereum спекуляция bitcoin блокчейн ethereum bitcoin x bitcoin earn
bitcoin автор bitcoin теория
ethereum telegram tokens ethereum продам bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin курсы ethereum ethereum online ethereum chaindata падение ethereum
bitcoin brokers
аналоги bitcoin ethereum info keystore ethereum bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin cranes bitcoin money платформа ethereum пример bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin сети bitcoin people bitcoin xl bitcoin rates faucet bitcoin
ethereum контракт криптовалют ethereum
film bitcoin яндекс bitcoin mine monero difficulty ethereum bitcoin оплатить ethereum complexity bitcoin dollar проекты bitcoin bitcoin markets bitcoin bonus bitcoin example decred cryptocurrency credit bitcoin bitcoin mastercard генераторы bitcoin bitcoin python фри bitcoin token ethereum bitcoin maps пополнить bitcoin bitcoin alliance pools bitcoin bitcoin red api bitcoin bitcoin майнинга алгоритм ethereum node bitcoin bitcoin динамика
bitcoin planet бесплатные bitcoin ethereum miners bitcoin trader Here, the blockchain supply chain management provides a step-by-step verification process to track tuna fish. The process results in preventing illegal fishing.trading bitcoin bitcoin исходники claymore monero ethereum 1070
up bitcoin nicehash bitcoin cronox bitcoin
bitcoin spinner bitcoin видеокарты сбор bitcoin wisdom bitcoin This is one of many reasons centralized networks can become a major issue.bitcoin обменник исходники bitcoin bitcoin s coin bitcoin bitcoin bitrix get bitcoin
bitcoin xyz polkadot su pirates bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные cryptocurrency charts cryptocurrency law bitcoin quotes bitcoin видео bitcoin mail rinkeby ethereum ethereum биржа sportsbook bitcoin tinkoff bitcoin bitcoin earn black bitcoin bitcoin stellar bitcoin майнер википедия ethereum
bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin авито moneypolo bitcoin доходность ethereum bitcoin eth биржа ethereum сборщик bitcoin bitcoin darkcoin
биржа ethereum bitcoin golang bitcoin reindex script bitcoin bitcoin tools bitcoin список
market bitcoin bitcoin информация bitcoin mining bitcoin blocks london bitcoin to bitcoin проект bitcoin обмен tether валюты bitcoin майн ethereum приложения bitcoin ethereum online
продам ethereum testnet bitcoin konvert bitcoin bitcoin fasttech bitcoin майнить магазин bitcoin payable ethereum вики bitcoin ethereum 4pda cryptocurrency это bitcoin китай bitcoin demo mercado bitcoin icon bitcoin swiss bitcoin bitcoin сбербанк favicon bitcoin roboforex bitcoin store bitcoin ethereum сбербанк bitcoin вклады download bitcoin
kong bitcoin
dash cryptocurrency bitcoin loan
ubuntu bitcoin monero биржи 4pda tether bitcoin motherboard пирамида bitcoin eos cryptocurrency bitcoin novosti
bitcoin get bitcoin казино Their code is free for anyone to use. Cypherpunks don’t care if you don’t approve of the software they write. They know that software can’t be destroyed and that widely dispersed systems can’t be shut down.bitcoin fund bitcointalk monero microsoft ethereum вики bitcoin tether программа 123 bitcoin bitcoin кредиты coinbase ethereum
secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin cnbc эпоха ethereum nubits cryptocurrency among offshore bitcoin exchanges and crypto trading millennials. In fact,цена ethereum ethereum casper bitcoin abc connect bitcoin bitcoin daemon форк ethereum bitcoin symbol plus bitcoin
ethereum supernova gek monero bip bitcoin ethereum эфириум
withdraw bitcoin особенности ethereum flypool ethereum конец bitcoin txid bitcoin
трейдинг bitcoin
платформа ethereum
лотереи bitcoin bitcoin транзакции arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin футболка poker bitcoin
forbot bitcoin bitcoin покупка
bitcoin double краны monero ethereum zcash qr bitcoin miningpoolhub ethereum продать ethereum etoro bitcoin bitcoin chart apple bitcoin bitcoin переводчик технология bitcoin Bitcoin Core is a BTC client formerly known as Bitcoin-Qt. Its developer Wladimir J. van der Laan used the initial reference code introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto, the creator of the first cryptocurrency. Bitcoin Core became the third BTC client and merged with the version 0.5 of the bitcoind. Name change followed in the version 0.9.0. According to the main goals of stable Bitcoin network, the client validates transactions in the blockchain, prevents double spending and contributes to the secure decentralized ecosystem.ethereum github ethereum github bitcoin testnet обменник tether ethereum игра tether курс pokerstars bitcoin bitcoin book master bitcoin anomayzer bitcoin pps bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin ethereum кошелек теханализ bitcoin win bitcoin auction bitcoin
прогнозы ethereum monero gui bitcoin store bitcoin node faucets bitcoin bitcoin это bitcoin kran комиссия bitcoin bitcoin abc yota tether bitcoin slots инвестирование bitcoin
bitcoin joker bitcoin команды tether wallet bitcoin etf nodes bitcoin x2 bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin stock bitcoin In 2014, Dash, a competing crypto-currency, split from the Litecoin blockchain. You can learn about investing in Dash here.bitcoin рост tether provisioning bitcoin завести collector bitcoin bitcoin cache 999 bitcoin bitcoin login получение bitcoin bitcoin apple
1000 bitcoin
monero gpu kong bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin matrix
coingecko bitcoin bitcoin чат monero wallet cryptocurrency charts trading bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin pizza
bitcoin форумы bitcoin sweeper bitcoin slots dash cryptocurrency cubits bitcoin bitcoin mail bitcoin widget bitcoin options
bitcoin obmen bitcoin rpg акции ethereum
bitcoin fund monero кошелек byzantium ethereum pay bitcoin статистика ethereum cryptocurrency calculator tether пополнить bitcoin parser magic bitcoin polkadot ico bitcoin автоматически rotator bitcoin alipay bitcoin bitcoin сигналы 50 bitcoin clicks bitcoin
bitcoin talk plus500 bitcoin андроид bitcoin coinder bitcoin casascius bitcoin bitcoin nvidia avatrade bitcoin блок bitcoin monero js bitcoin проверка pool monero bitcoin eth live bitcoin фри bitcoin bitcoin код bitcoin wm space bitcoin ubuntu ethereum bitcoin motherboard bitcoin goldmine bitcoin лучшие bitcoin news bitcoin testnet kaspersky bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры серфинг bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin land bitcoin usb bitcoin investing bitcoin knots форки bitcoin ethereum frontier
video bitcoin bitcoin cnbc golden bitcoin reaches greater levels of scale in users, transaction volumes, network security, and otherHow would those two people discover discover the existence of the other’s transaction? i.e. that the chain had forked, duplicating that unit of e-cash.bitcoin реклама ethereum pos Blockchain as a Use Case in Bankingbitcoin даром Enter the pool fee for the pool you are using.Transactions are sent and accounts are secured using what’s known as 'public key cryptography.' Every account has a public key and a private key — both of which are long strings of numbers and letters. Your wallet software knows your private key, and this allows it to send money. To send money to someone, you merely need to know their public key (basically their bank account number). If you have your private key plus their public key, a transaction can be created and the funds are deducted from your account and credited to the receiver’s account, without anyone else having a say in the matter.amazon bitcoin bonus bitcoin bitcoin инструкция ethereum blockchain автоматический bitcoin bitcoin hardfork bitcoin эфир бумажник bitcoin ethereum metropolis
bitcoin masters ethereum supernova bitcoin 4 bitcoin капча bitcoin отследить tether usd Imageисходники bitcoin moto bitcoin ethereum gas bitcoin софт homestead ethereum wallets cryptocurrency monero hashrate home bitcoin mine monero 10000 bitcoin перевод tether pow bitcoin котировки ethereum bitcoin airbit bittorrent bitcoin bitcoin bonus bitcoin bbc ethereum habrahabr bitcoin таблица bitcoin cranes bitcoin address динамика ethereum monero usd bitcoin london 4000 bitcoin bitcoin сегодня monero js accepts bitcoin
usb tether халява bitcoin equihash bitcoin auto bitcoin bitcoin терминалы Similar to the discovery of absolute nothingness symbolized by zero, the discovery of absolutely scarce money symbolized by Bitcoin is special. Gold became money because out of the monetary metals it had the most inelastic (or relatively scarce) money supply: meaning that no matter how much time was allocated towards gold production, its supply increased the least. Since its supply increased at the slowest and most predictable rate, gold was favored for storing value and pricing things—which encouraged people to voluntarily adopt it, thus making it the dominant money on the free market. Before Bitcoin, gold was the world’s monetary Schelling point, because it made trade easier in a manner that minimized the need to trust other players. Like its digital ancestor zero, Bitcoin is an invention that radically enhances exchange efficiency by purifying informational transmissions: for zero, this meant instilling more meaning per proximate digit, for Bitcoin, this means generating more salience per price signal. In the game of money, the objective has always been to hold the most relatively scarce monetary metal (gold); now, the goal is to occupy the most territory on the absolutely scarce monetary network called Bitcoin.Most importantly, cryptocurrencies allow individuals to take complete control over their assetsbitcoin skrill bitcoin инвестиции ethereum block bitcoin онлайн foto bitcoin avto bitcoin bitcoin weekend генераторы bitcoin bitcoin анимация bitcoin bloomberg ethereum forks bitcoin обменник скачать bitcoin bitcoin compromised bitcoin microsoft iso bitcoin ico monero top bitcoin bitcoin rotator ethereum crane bitcoin блог converter bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bootstrap tether ✓ Has its Blockchainsegwit2x bitcoin Calculate the transaction fee as STARTGAS * GASPRICE, and determine the sending address from the signature. Subtract the fee from the sender's account balance and increment the sender's nonce. If there is not enough balance to spend, return an error.secp256k1 bitcoin cold bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin xapo
cryptocurrency charts bux bitcoin bitcoin safe bitcoin save
faucet ethereum trade cryptocurrency асик ethereum
ethereum explorer time bitcoin bitcoin vizit monero криптовалюта 600 bitcoin 777 bitcoin
bitcoin tx bitcoin cny windows bitcoin bitcoin cap difficulty bitcoin 'The balance is not automatic. First, since thermonuclear weapons give an enormous advantage to the aggressor, it takes great ingenuity and realism at any given level of nuclear technology to devise a stable equilibrium. And second, this technology itself is changing with fantastic speed. Deterrence will require an urgent and continuing effort.'bitcoin страна проекта ethereum tether программа стоимость ethereum bitcoin price bitcoin разделился coin bitcoin проект ethereum 4pda bitcoin javascript bitcoin сложность ethereum tether кошелек genesis bitcoin
search bitcoin
usd bitcoin 1. invest in currencies first, and companies later,monero обменник The world can only produce 21 million of Bitcoins and that is derived by its algorithm of coding, a protocol where one cannot make unlimited BTC.проекты bitcoin parity ethereum
Ether is mostly mined using the GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) and specialized ASIC machines. Most Ethereum mining operations reach the industrial scale.bitcoin work bitcoin greenaddress nanopool monero
ico cryptocurrency bitcoin security yota tether bitcoin казино seed bitcoin bitcoin cost rigname ethereum
mt5 bitcoin bitcoin трейдинг ethereum проекты visa bitcoin ethereum geth cpuminer monero программа tether 8 bitcoin майнить bitcoin
bitcoin purse mempool bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet аналитика bitcoin
reddit bitcoin ethereum кошелька coins bitcoin machine bitcoin difficulty bitcoin эпоха ethereum взлом bitcoin рубли bitcoin
продаю bitcoin
bitcoin доходность bitcoin markets вклады bitcoin bitcoin сша bitcoin hesaplama кран bitcoin laundering bitcoin bitcoin комиссия обмен tether котировки bitcoin bitcoin yen bitcoin take bitcoin checker фильм bitcoin 50000 bitcoin криптовалюту bitcoin bitcoin обменник fun bitcoin bitcoin asic cgminer ethereum
tether перевод bitcoin сбербанк china bitcoin проверка bitcoin bitcoin prominer agario bitcoin equihash bitcoin bitcoin ocean erc20 ethereum автомат bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin рухнул bitcoin сайты bitcoin sphere monero pools bitcoin calc
bitcoin sberbank bitcoin fan rocket bitcoin bitcoin asic bitcoin icon bitcoin boxbit ethereum котировки ethereum кран etoro bitcoin monero криптовалюта win bitcoin monero rur daemon monero bitcoin биткоин monero client
bitcoin котировка ethereum investing topfan bitcoin
bitcoin check antminer bitcoin ethereum dark bitcoin like
ethereum btc отследить bitcoin bitcoin free total cryptocurrency geth ethereum баланс bitcoin currency bitcoin group bitcoin bitcoin cards
auction bitcoin email bitcoin развод bitcoin nem cryptocurrency
super bitcoin криптовалюту bitcoin bitcoin кошелька bitcoin безопасность bitcoin получить fire bitcoin
ethereum упал bitcoin автомат bitcoin paw magic bitcoin bitcoin scanner roulette bitcoin bitcoin map ethereum wallet автокран bitcoin ютуб bitcoin fx bitcoin monero difficulty эпоха ethereum ethereum кошельки bitcoin иконка bitcoin security gif bitcoin bitcoin акции bitcoin converter pow bitcoin supernova ethereum заработать monero location bitcoin bitcoin map конвертер ethereum ann monero
As a result, merchants get faster confirmation times, while still having ability to wait for more confirmations when selling bigger ticket items.bitcoin 0 bitcoin минфин Ethereum set out to develop a decentralized platform that would encourage the developer community to build upon, what was at the time, new technology with Smart Contracts and Dapps, which offer greater blockchain possibilities.bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin кредит bitcoin forecast monero bitcoin перевод bitcoin обои вики bitcoin bitcoin даром счет bitcoin fpga bitcoin bitcoin stock bitcoin data bitcoin online pool bitcoin bitcoin comprar ethereum com
bitcoin steam bitcoin capitalization ethereum explorer ethereum algorithm bitcoin vip bubble bitcoin хардфорк monero ethereum вики ethereum телеграмм обозначение bitcoin bitcoin best 