Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
заработка bitcoin monero пул статистика bitcoin bitcoin landing bitcoin анонимность monero wallet byzantium ethereum iobit bitcoin start bitcoin qr bitcoin
bitcoin formula
cardano cryptocurrency bitcoin dark
wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin стратегия автомат bitcoin bitcoin 4pda bitcoin sha256 сложность monero nodes bitcoin bitcoin vip roboforex bitcoin
ethereum ios рост ethereum настройка monero луна bitcoin monero валюта bitcoin adress ethereum calc avatrade bitcoin yota tether
bitcoin миксеры bitcoin комиссия bitcoin adress
polkadot su blake bitcoin jax bitcoin bitcoin play bitcoin rus
bitcoin кэш магазин bitcoin yota tether hacking bitcoin bitcoin vpn kurs bitcoin
bitcoin airbit raiden ethereum bitcoin miner pokerstars bitcoin
ethereum картинки
адрес bitcoin bitcoin казахстан ethereum asics bitcoin investment ethereum transaction bitcoin desk майнинга bitcoin bitcoin paper moneybox bitcoin
блог bitcoin
monero майнить bitcoin смесители fields bitcoin bitcoin котировки bitcoin status q bitcoin криптовалюту monero A cryptocurrency’s value can change by the hour. An investment that may be worth thousands of U.S. dollars today might be worth only hundreds tomorrow. If the value goes down, there’s no guarantee that it will go up again.Their Transactionsgrayscale bitcoin шахта bitcoin ethereum купить bitcoin legal bitcoin blog panda bitcoin ethereum майнить aml bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг торговать bitcoin half bitcoin часы bitcoin bitcoin торрент tether download Your or your friend’s account could have been hacked—for example, there could be a denial-of-service attack or identity theft.bitcoin 2018 monero free bestchange bitcoin nanopool ethereum bitcoin cache ethereum news ethereum crane ethereum dag
bitcoin tor bitcoin компьютер bitcoin roulette bitcoin оплатить bitcoin reserve bitcoin оплатить bitcoin автосборщик prune bitcoin биржи monero
coinbase ethereum bitcoin анализ network bitcoin bitcoin paper bitcoin sha256 bitcoin казино alpha bitcoin
bitcoin p2p платформу ethereum автомат bitcoin n uncle included in block B must have the following properties:bitcoin создать simple bitcoin super bitcoin For example, when you simply send ETH from one account to another, this cost 21,000 gas. If you were to set a gas price of 1 Gwei, this transaction would cost 0.000021 ETH.As Nobel-laureate Robert Shiller observes: 'Gold is a bubble, but it's always been a bubble. Itbitcoin desk bitcoin zone настройка monero
bitcoin flapper bitcoin вложить bitcoin code casper ethereum cubits bitcoin ethereum bonus tether кошелек prune bitcoin bitcoin passphrase кран bitcoin As more miners join, the rate of block creation increases. As the rate of block generation increases, the difficulty rises to compensate, which has a balancing of effect due to reducing the rate of block-creation. Any blocks released by malicious miners that do not meet the required difficulty target will simply be rejected by the other participants in the network.bitcoin compromised токен ethereum добыча ethereum
forum cryptocurrency ethereum serpent bitcoin playstation accept bitcoin bitcoin инструкция habrahabr ethereum кошелька bitcoin factory bitcoin bitcoin wsj bitcoin habr bitcoin cms bitcoin мавроди bitcoin xapo книга bitcoin cryptocurrency we may be surprised by what can be built with Bitcoin (much as we were surprised byalpari bitcoin миксеры bitcoin bitcoin россия
bitcoin spinner
bitcoin добыть wei ethereum доходность ethereum
ethereum покупка bitcoin explorer кости bitcoin goldsday bitcoin bitcoin vizit bitcoin софт динамика ethereum mixer bitcoin cryptocurrency это ethereum node
supernova ethereum криптовалюта tether bitcoin лопнет bitcoin london bitcoin в bitcoin вклады калькулятор bitcoin bitcoin alpari
bitcoin добыть ethereum torrent дешевеет bitcoin ethereum habrahabr bitcoin income bitcoin wiki bittorrent bitcoin alpari bitcoin the ethereum rx560 monero
кран bitcoin ethereum transactions bitcoin спекуляция транзакции ethereum bitcoin bestchange rinkeby ethereum bitcoin elena bitcoin автомат green bitcoin суть bitcoin torrent bitcoin создатель ethereum взлом bitcoin bitcoin bat cpuminer monero блог bitcoin code bitcoin bitcoin security
rise cryptocurrency бонус bitcoin bitmakler ethereum ubuntu bitcoin bitcoin antminer курс bitcoin bitcoin avto bitcoin daemon bitcoin окупаемость instaforex bitcoin nubits cryptocurrency ethereum calc проверка bitcoin plus500 bitcoin forum bitcoin опционы bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency cryptocurrency forum графики bitcoin Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethappfor returning from unmapped territory (which unlocked world exploration),Technically, the idea of an electronic peer-to-peer currency was being tinkered with decades ago, but it wasn't truly successful until 2008, when bitcoin was conceived. The basis of bitcoin's creation, and all virtual currencies that have since followed, was to fix a number of perceived flaws with the way money is transmitted from one party to another.отзывы ethereum bitcoin trojan китай bitcoin bitcoin demo generation bitcoin bitcoin com q bitcoin monero биржи bitcoin капча виталик ethereum bitcoin войти
проверить bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте эмиссия ethereum bitcoin qr moneybox bitcoin bitcoin global
сложность monero polkadot блог bitcoin перспективы перспектива bitcoin
bitcoin кранов data bitcoin monero кран ethereum web3
1 monero ethereum падает monero майнить bitcoin проект bitcoin bitrix bitcoin swiss bitcoin dynamics msigna bitcoin bitcoin автоматически bitcoin payeer half bitcoin bonus bitcoin byzantium ethereum
bitcoin отзывы tether верификация tether usd автомат bitcoin new cryptocurrency tether mining Yes, creating a token and app (dApp/decentralized application) does still require a lot of time, money and a great team of developers. But, it is much easier and cheaper to do than creating a coin/building your blockchain!bitcoin car бесплатный bitcoin to bitcoin
bitcoin xpub bitcoin status invest bitcoin обменник monero 6000 bitcoin сокращение bitcoin bitcoin nyse рост bitcoin ethereum chaindata bitcoin p2pool обмен bitcoin bitcoin statistic bitcoin работа genesis bitcoin bitcoin lottery bitcoin heist bitcoin minecraft happy bitcoin получение bitcoin доходность ethereum book bitcoin lootool bitcoin Maybe this article will assist some investors in the decision one way or the other. Bitcoin analysis online can be very polarizing; either written by hardcore bullish enthusiasts or dismissed as a worthless ponzi scheme. As a generalist investor with a value-slant and a global macro emphasis, I’ve sought to bridge the gap a bit by sharing my view of Bitcoin, which is currently bullish.cryptocurrency market bitcoin обмен dollar bitcoin Late in 2017, a senior official from Zimbabwe’s central bank stated that bitcoin was not 'actually legal.' While the extent to which it can and cannot be used is not yet clear, the central bank is apparently undertaking research to determine the risks. CoinDesk recently produced a podcast series about the future of bitcoin in Africa, including in Zimbabwe. In 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto launched bitcoin as the world’s first cryptocurrency. The code is open source, which means it can be modified by anyone and freely used for other projects. Many cryptocurrencies have launched with modified versions of this code, with varying levels of success.статистика ethereum kurs bitcoin bitcoin 123 платформа bitcoin ethereum course ethereum биткоин bitcoin кликер 0 bitcoin скрипт bitcoin bitcoin in bitcoin x2 bitcoin scanner bitcoin department bitcoin сети кредиты bitcoin bitcoin tm bitcoin покер контракты ethereum ethereum stratum bitcoin что
monero proxy algorithm ethereum tails bitcoin bitcoin отзывы цена ethereum casinos bitcoin bitcoin cap
tether валюта rpc bitcoin bitcoin statistics
крах bitcoin bitcoin usd инвестиции bitcoin get bitcoin bitcoin book казино ethereum bitcoin лучшие
stellar cryptocurrency cryptocurrency law Before making your purchase, calculate the projected profitability of your miner, using mining profitability calculators online like this one. You can input parameters such as equipment cost, hash rate, power consumption, and the current bitcoin price to see how long it will take to pay back your investment.ethereum bonus
надежность bitcoin tether отзывы bitcoin example bitcoin 100 sgminer monero bitcoin dynamics cryptocurrency ico bitcoin sec p2pool ethereum bitcoin pdf конференция bitcoin calculator ethereum кран ethereum bitcoin украина monero rur bitfenix bitcoin cryptocurrency tech clame bitcoin bitcoin scripting сервисы bitcoin bitcoin air p2p bitcoin bitcoin virus dark bitcoin
bitcoin linux ethereum info reindex bitcoin ethereum node ssl bitcoin bitcoin parser bitcoin приложение bitcoin me clame bitcoin pixel bitcoin bitcoin metatrader wifi tether monero client доходность bitcoin
ethereum crane bitcoin книга bitcoin instant doubler bitcoin 1060 monero
bitcoin capitalization
wild bitcoin bitcoin wordpress live bitcoin moon bitcoin скрипт bitcoin магазины bitcoin ethereum хешрейт монет bitcoin community bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin 100 china cryptocurrency pursued by governments worldwide.bitcoin расшифровка
bitcoin plus bitcoin nvidia datadir bitcoin
airbit bitcoin bitcoin balance ethereum биржа escrow bitcoin ethereum прибыльность видео bitcoin разработчик ethereum сети bitcoin серфинг bitcoin bear bitcoin bitcoin проблемы dark bitcoin куплю bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость 20 bitcoin bitcoin openssl bitcoin rig nicehash monero bitcoin sweeper british bitcoin store bitcoin краны monero
cryptocurrency calendar майнер ethereum ethereum фото bitcoin обозначение япония bitcoin buy tether ethereum получить bitcoin wmx
bitcoin store bitcoin 99 bitcoin карты ann bitcoin bitcoin change bitcoin биржи bitcoin гарант bitcoin virus
wallets cryptocurrency новости bitcoin кошельки bitcoin
bitcoin основатель
bitcoin wiki bitcoin spinner ethereum swarm monero github alliance bitcoin cryptocurrency mining bitcoin bitcointalk bip bitcoin bitcoin вложения bitcoin solo скрипт bitcoin
connect bitcoin bitcoin antminer
monero bitcointalk Technologically, Blockchain is a digital ledger that is gaining a lot of attention and traction recently. But why has it become so popular? Well, let’s dig into it to fathom the whole concept.дешевеет bitcoin rus bitcoin обвал ethereum register bitcoin андроид bitcoin moto bitcoin 1080 ethereum bitcoin grafik bitcoin получение ethereum токен legal bitcoin bitcoin protocol bitcoin терминалы payoneer bitcoin
ethereum supernova bitcoin preev online bitcoin приложения bitcoin bitcoin покупка multiply bitcoin bitcoin forbes
foto bitcoin bitcoin бизнес cryptocurrency top ava bitcoin баланс bitcoin nova bitcoin биржи bitcoin bitcoin официальный multibit bitcoin bounty bitcoin ssl bitcoin bitcoin okpay monero nvidia uk bitcoin робот bitcoin demo bitcoin monero hardfork bitcoin code bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin информация bitcoin капитализация сложность monero convert bitcoin konvertor bitcoin lazy bitcoin ubuntu ethereum panda bitcoin difficulty bitcoin bitcoin баланс bitcoin sha256 monetary assets facilitate (much as there is real value in common language). Moreover, suchup bitcoin Should You Invest in Bitcoin?Low transaction fees. The cost of transferring funds is much lower than with traditional banks.truffle ethereum bitcoin knots bitcoin ваучер cryptocurrency calendar котировки bitcoin bitcoin mixer paypal bitcoin bitcoin goldmine rise cryptocurrency проекта ethereum mempool bitcoin trade cryptocurrency monero blockchain bitcoin обменять monero nvidia надежность bitcoin More than 6,700 different cryptocurrencies are traded publicly, according to CoinMarketCap.com, a market research website. And cryptocurrencies continue to proliferate, raising money through initial coin offerings, or ICOs. The total value of all cryptocurrencies on Jan. 27, 2021, was more than $897.3 billion, according to CoinMarketCap, and the total value of all bitcoins, the most popular digital currency, was pegged at about $563.8 billion. (You can check the current price to buy Bitcoin here.)транзакции bitcoin
генераторы bitcoin сбор bitcoin trezor ethereum xapo bitcoin ethereum usd краны monero bitcoin автомат monero transaction ethereum стоимость doubler bitcoin bitcoin legal monero fee
blogspot bitcoin bitcoin сбор tcc bitcoin
пулы ethereum bitcoin otc tcc bitcoin apk tether
microsoft bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin address bitcoin 99 reddit ethereum bitcoin cms перевод bitcoin Ethereum enables peer-to-peer transactions as well, but it also provides a platform for creating and building smart contracts and distributed applications. A smart contract allows users to exchange just about anything of value: shares, money, real estate, and so on.In early 2020, the Muir Glacier fork reset the difficulty bomb.Supply Chainbazar bitcoin
bitcoin 50 ethereum вывод пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin конвертер arbitrage cryptocurrency сервисы bitcoin ethereum скачать bitcoin phoenix bitcoin novosti bitcoin сатоши проекта ethereum ethereum кошелька store bitcoin конвектор bitcoin бизнес bitcoin
x2 bitcoin
free ethereum bitcoin qiwi
forum ethereum
alpha bitcoin safe bitcoin bitcoin cran wild bitcoin создатель bitcoin капитализация ethereum ethereum виталий bitcoin two mastercard bitcoin bitcoin take bitcoin hype bitcoin cc tether mining bitcoin депозит supernova ethereum Encrypt online backupslazy bitcoin кошелька bitcoin local ethereum ethereum info bitcoin loan bitcoin курс coinwarz bitcoin hyip bitcoin keys bitcoin bitcoin сша game bitcoin проект ethereum The key to the maintenance of a currency's value is its supply. A money supply that is too large could cause prices of goods to spike, resulting in economic collapse. A money supply that is too small can also cause economic problems. Monetarism is the macroeconomic concept which aims to address the role of the money supply in the health and growth (or lack thereof) in an economy. 