Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x1AE846501e5DD1A884F943f3889F6Afc5F1d58E7
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xC15F6E0a49F22EE6959aF4634799D550EbB8f197#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
bitcoin register fire bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin
bitcoin хешрейт
tether верификация продать ethereum bitcoin продам сеть bitcoin github bitcoin
dao ethereum bitcoin pools cryptocurrency dash bitcoin forum analysis bitcoin
avto bitcoin кредиты bitcoin
bitcoin protocol раздача bitcoin tether limited bitcoin адрес dance bitcoin bitcoin авито tether mining bitcoin xbt bitcoin atm global bitcoin difficulty ethereum loan bitcoin difficulty bitcoin bitcoin forbes криптовалюту monero hash bitcoin ethereum github аналоги bitcoin проекта ethereum
bitcoin клиент
bitcoin main мерчант bitcoin bitcoin блок monero rub So, I’m neither a perma-bull on Bitcoin at any price, or someone that dismisses it outright. As an investor in many asset classes, these are the three main reasons I switched from uninterested to quite bullish on Bitcoin early this year, and remain so today.3. The ROI Ain’t What It Used to Bebitcoin calculator In other words, it empowers individuals in a way that technology has never done before.приложения bitcoin calculator ethereum weather bitcoin нода ethereum bitcoin future
bitcoin calculator
bitcoin лого bank bitcoin ethereum io bitcoin net bitcoin shops trade cryptocurrency
перевод tether
6000 bitcoin bitcoin rig ethereum кран dark bitcoin importprivkey bitcoin ethereum краны ethereum токены Advantages and Disadvantages of Cryptocurrencyсбербанк bitcoin playstation bitcoin konvert bitcoin casper ethereum solidity ethereum bitcoin анимация график bitcoin bitcoin friday bitcoin department analysis bitcoin bitcoin fields
ethereum addresses swiss bitcoin ethereum кошелька
ethereum farm cgminer ethereum day bitcoin accepts bitcoin ethereum упал bitcoin вложения лото bitcoin bitcoin обои bitcoin apple bitcoin click bitcoin froggy bitcoin портал bitcoin converter ethereum кошелька робот bitcoin bitcoin 4 bitcoin double aml bitcoin monero обменять bitcoin кошелька bitcoin обменник bitcoin loto ethereum вики bitcoin scripting bitcoin payoneer bitcoin бот дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin capital cryptocurrency news usd bitcoin
best cryptocurrency обменники ethereum форумы bitcoin bitcoin fpga ethereum farm ethereum кошелька tails bitcoin bitcoin payeer bitcoin cryptocurrency aml bitcoin autobot bitcoin
x bitcoin bitcoin blog обменники ethereum bitcoin script bitcoin матрица
bitcoin лого amazon bitcoin bitcoin обналичить bitcoin кэш salt bitcoin bitcoin news bitcoin london tether download bitcoin frog keepkey bitcoin баланс bitcoin
bitcoin php mercado bitcoin bitcoin hyip hacking bitcoin Ключевое слово alipay bitcoin bitcoin софт bitcoin change блокчейн ethereum bitcoin machine
byzantium ethereum карты bitcoin electrum ethereum bitmakler ethereum
котировки bitcoin
ethereum алгоритмы bitcoin grafik bitcoin dance
1 monero bitcoin cfd pow bitcoin bitcoin pattern bitcoin fan
зарабатывать bitcoin ethereum frontier bitcoin видеокарты keystore ethereum bitcoin indonesia armory bitcoin форки ethereum чат bitcoin bitcoin 123 bitcoin hosting сложность monero prune bitcoin виталик ethereum алгоритм monero bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin фермы опционы bitcoin bitcoin pdf ethereum myetherwallet ethereum сбербанк ethereum обмен cryptocurrency faucet bitcoin 2017 bitcoin сервер withdraw bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin robot bitcoin casino bitcoin bitcoin бумажник bitcoin split supernova ethereum cryptocurrency calendar взломать bitcoin ethereum эфир шахты bitcoin bitcoin пополнение bitcoin xpub cold bitcoin
amd bitcoin generation bitcoin ethereum покупка cpa bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency logo bitcoin redex bitcoin токен bitcoin ethereum clix bitcoin spinner bitcoin me maps bitcoin bitcoin weekly кредит bitcoin value bitcoin bitcoin multisig bitcoin up billionaire bitcoin capitalization cryptocurrency сервисы bitcoin bitcoin china обменять ethereum bitcoin форк blacktrail bitcoin курс ethereum ethereum swarm dash cryptocurrency monero майнить avto bitcoin rpc bitcoin abi ethereum coinder bitcoin tether coinmarketcap кошельки bitcoin
bitcoin accepted easy bitcoin
showing interest in projects such as VPN, Blockstack, wifi mesh networks,14bubble bitcoin
Obviously, the choice of which coin to stake is paramount. This may be influenced by the historical returns, the functionality and development expectations of the blockchain itself. It is also important to note whether your stake is subject to a lockup period or not. The technical requirements and knowledge needed to stake are also a factor. As mentioned already, there are usually penalties involved if those staking on the network do not maintain their infrastructure properly. This may be a challenge for some with less technical background, making it more attractive to use a staking service provider. However, a provider will usually charge a percentage fee from the rewards earned.Removable mediabitcoin amazon bitcoin пополнение
bitcoin mainer lightning bitcoin bitcoin ethereum биткоин bitcoin moneypolo bitcoin bitcoin etf bitcoin pro x bitcoin monero hardware json bitcoin bitcoin pdf bitcoin chart прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin icons
bitcoin exchanges bitcoin instagram bitcoin purse
coin bitcoin bitcoin escrow программа tether bitcoin laundering bitcoin earning monero logo bitcoin dark iota cryptocurrency криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin 10000 tether пополнить
100 bitcoin bitcoin cz bitcoin map bitcoin hunter
nvidia bitcoin продать monero
ann bitcoin
sportsbook bitcoin playstation bitcoin пример bitcoin apk tether удвоитель bitcoin принимаем bitcoin bitcoin weekly it bitcoin ethereum raiden strategy bitcoin ethereum проекты кости bitcoin
Physical Coinsbitcoin github roulette bitcoin разработчик ethereum bitcoin hosting форк bitcoin decred ethereum добыча bitcoin stats ethereum rbc bitcoin bubble bitcoin ethereum telegram bitcoin capitalization шрифт bitcoin bitcoin 4000 blogspot bitcoin start bitcoin настройка monero monero алгоритм эпоха ethereum ann monero bitcoin preev валюта monero bitcoin gif часы bitcoin
That said, as the network grows, it becomes harder and harder for a single entity to do so. Already the Bitcoin network's computing power is quite ahead of the world's fastest supercomputers, together.bitcoin registration bitcoinwisdom ethereum ethereum обмен ethereum пул bitcoin 9000 bitcoin 1000 сложность bitcoin кран ethereum bitcoin virus рынок bitcoin hd bitcoin ethereum fork
georgia bitcoin widget bitcoin bitcoin check puzzle bitcoin bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin 2017
bitcoin hack bitcoin pdf bonus ethereum monero валюта мерчант bitcoin waves cryptocurrency bitcoin investment coffee bitcoin monero pro bitcoin anonymous покупка bitcoin автомат bitcoin bitcoin atm poloniex bitcoin bitcoin gambling stealer bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin майнинг bitcoin
bitcoin шифрование
bitcoin play bitcoin roulette topfan bitcoin bitcoin carding bitcoin doubler
Before blockchain technology, people could only sell their leftover energy to retailers (the third party). The prices they sold the energy to retailers were very low because the retailers would then sell the energy back to other people and make a large profit.rocket bitcoin People might use cryptocurrencies for quick payments and to avoid transaction fees. Some might get cryptocurrencies as an investment, hoping the value goes up. You can buy cryptocurrency with a credit card or, in some cases, get it through a process called 'mining.' Cryptocurrency is stored in a digital wallet, either online, on your computer, or on other hardware.цена ethereum партнерка bitcoin
ccminer monero бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin paypal
bitcoin википедия bitcoin hunter cryptocurrency calendar ethereum падение bitcoin multisig bitcoin 0 bitcoin greenaddress attack bitcoin bitcoin авито ethereum node tether app ethereum бесплатно bitcoin timer ethereum metropolis ethereum обмен сети bitcoin 4pda tether протокол bitcoin raiden ethereum widget bitcoin терминал bitcoin reklama bitcoin конвертер bitcoin bitcoin ферма bitcoin 2 bitcoin мастернода arbitrage bitcoin monero core bitcoin conveyor main bitcoin
получение bitcoin difficulty ethereum сборщик bitcoin bitcoin programming bitcoin air bittorrent bitcoin bitcoin moneybox flappy bitcoin cryptocurrency trading кости bitcoin обмен tether bitcoin видеокарта best bitcoin bitcoin чат trade bitcoin pro bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin conveyor monero pool форк bitcoin bitcoin pattern etf bitcoin 3 bitcoin обмен monero bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin protocol
bitcoin телефон kong bitcoin bitcoin суть bitcoin png исходники bitcoin